Phase Any physically distinct, chemically homogeneous and mechanically separable portion of a substance Can be continuous or discontinuous Can be solid, liquid or gas Can be a pure substance or a solution

Multiple Solid Phases Multiple solid phases are common in metals Phases defined by composition (not by state – solid, liquid, gas) Example – two phases shown to the right, dark phase and then the lighter phase

Single Phase vs. Multiple Phases

Solubility Unlimited Solubility Limited Solubility Hume Rothery’s Conditions Similar Size Same Crystal Structure Same Valance Similar Electronegativity Implies single phase Limited Solubility Implies multiple phases No Solubility (oil and water region)

Solid Solutions Just like we have liquid solutions (ex mixing alcohol and water => liquid solution), we can have solid solutions. Solid solution is mixed as a liquid and then allowed to solidify May mix two metal elements together then allow to solidify => solid solution

Two Types of Solid Solutions Interstitial Solid Solution Substitutional Solid Solution

Equilibrium Phase Diagram Cooling Curve DT/D t Superheat Thermal Arrest Temperature Local Solidification Time Total Solidification Time REMEMBER THIS? Time

Cooling Curves and the Phase Diagram In your groups, work on problem 10-57 in your book

You just made a phase diagram! Comp. (wt % V) temp ( C ) 2625 20 2500 2300 40 2350 2150 60 2225 2050 80 2100 1975 100 1910

Equilibrium Phase Diagram Equilibrium: state of a system remains constant over an indefinite period of time Binary phase diagram: diagram for alloy composed of two elements Shows relationship in a metal among temperature pressure composition Gibb’s Phase Rule

Types of Phase diagrams Number of Constituents Number of phases Unary (like the water one shown at the beginning) – one constituent Binary - two constituents , like an alloy (we will focus on these) Ternary - three constituents; requires 3-D diagram Isomorphous – one solid phase Polymorphous – multiple solid phases

Utilization of Phase Diagrams For each point of temperature and composition, three pieces of information can be obtained Phase present The amount of each phase present ( how many ice cubes are in the glass) lever law Composition of each phase (chem make-up of phases) tie line

Liquidus and Solidus Temperature Liquidus – The temperature at which the first solid forms during solidification Solidus – The temperature below which the liquid has completely solidified. liquidus solidus Wt % MgO

Tie Line –Composition of Phases Draw a vertical line at the composition of the “alloy” of interest ex – 40 wt % MgO see purple line For a given temperature draw an isotherm (horizontal line) ex at 2400 C red line Where line crosses “phase boundary” (in this case the liquidus line or solidus line), draw a vertical line Ex – composition of liquid phase is ~32% MgO; Composition of solid phase is ~ 60 % MgO liquidus solidus Wt % MgO

Lever Law – Amount of each phase Using the compositions of the phases determined from the tie line, calculate the amount of each phase as this: Opposite lever arm/total length of lever * 100% Therefore: Amt L = (60-40)/(60-32) * 100 = 71% Amt S = (40-32)/(60-32)*100 = 29% Solid C = 60 %MgO Liquid C = 32 %MgO **Notice the composition of the phases does not have to add up to 100% but the amount does!!***** Alloy C = 40 %MgO

What’s the difference between Amount and Composition???? Composition is the chemical make-up of the phase (if we had a glass of coke with ice in it, our liquid phase would have one chemical make-up – won’t begin to think what it might be, the liquid phase would have a chemical make-up of ~ H2O. The composition of the “alloy” would be the total chemical make-up of the ice and coke combined (which would be watery coke?)

What’s the difference between Amount and Composition???? Amount is the quantity of the phase (if we had a glass of coke with ice in it, we could take the ice cubes out and weigh them and then weigh the coke to figure out the amount of the solid and liquid phase or use the lever law) http://michellegeller.typepad.com/michelle_geller_weblog/images/2007/03/28/gluttony.jpg

Phase Diagram and Microstructure Can you relate this to nucleation and growth? Where does nucleation occur? Where does growth occur?

Solidification of Alloy, x

Three-Phase Reactions Involves 3 distinct phases Occurs at a single “point” Often times is associated with special properties or characteristics for that material Eutectic L => S1 + S2 Eutectoid S1 => S2+ S3 Peritectic L + S1 => S2 Peritectoid S1 + S2 => S3 Monotectic L1 => S1 + L2 Miscibility gap; Oil and water region, where two liquid phases coexist

Intermetallic A compound formed of two or more metals that has its own unique composition, structure and properties. Exists as a single phase region where you would expect a two phase region Typically hard, brittle and strong Stoichiometric – single composition Non Stoichiometric – range of compositions

Solvus Indicates solubility limit

ID all of the three phase reactions by name and “reaction” Group Work ID all of the three phase reactions by name and “reaction”

Hypo- and Hyper-Eutectic

Hyper-Eutectic vs. Hypo-Eutectic Microstructural Differences

Composition and the Microstructure of Lead Tin

Lead-Tin Eutectic Microstructure Temperature

Iron- Carbon Equilibrium Diagram Phases d - delta ferrite g - austenite a - alpha ferrite (ferrite) Fe3C - cementite Reactions Peritectic (L+ S1 > S2) Eutectic ( L > S1 + S2) Eutectoid (S1 > S2 + S3)

Steels and the Simplified Iron- Carbon Diagram

Ternary Phase Diagram