Gaseous Fuels  Gaseous fuels are those which are burnt in gaseous sate in air or oxygen to provide heat

Some Types of Gaseous Fuels  Natural gas  Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)  Producer Gas  Coal Gas  Gobar Gas  Blast Furnace Gas  Water Gas  Refinery Gas  Hydrogen  Acetylene

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG or LP Gas) is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a fuel in heating appliances and vehicles, and increasingly replacing chlorofluorocarbons as a refrigerant to reduce damage to the ozone layer.

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)  Varieties of LPG bought and sold include mixtures that are primarily propane, mixtures that are primarily butane, and the more common, including both propane and butane depending on the season—in winter more propane, in summer more butane.

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)  Propylene and butylenes are usually also present in small concentration. A powerful odorant, ethanethiol, is added so that leaks can be detected easily. LPG is usually derived from fossil fuel sources, being manufactured during the refining of crude oil, or extracted from oil or gas streams as they emerge from the ground.

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)  At normal temperatures and pressures, LPG will evaporate. Because of this, LPG is supplied in pressurized steel bottles. In order to allow for thermal expansion of the contained liquid, these bottles are not filled completely; typically, they are filled to between 80% and 85% of their capacity.

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)  The pressure at which LPG becomes liquid, called its vapour pressure, likewise varies depending on composition and temperature.  for example, it is approximately 220 kilopascals (2.2 bar) for pure butane at 20 °C (68 °F)  and approximately 2.2 megapascals (22 bar) for pure propane at 55 °C (131 °F). LPG is heavier than air sp. Gr. 1.9 (80 % butane 20 % propane)

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)  The ratio between the volumes of the vaporised gas and the liquefied gas varies depending on composition, pressure and temperature, but is typically around 250:1. The pressure at which LPG becomes liquid, called its vapour pressure, likewise varies depending on composition and temperature; for example, it is approximately 220 kilopascals (2.2 bar) for pure butane at 20 °C (68 °F), and approximately 2.2 megapascals (22 bar) for pure propane at 55 °C (131 °F). LPG is heavier than air, and thus will flow along floors and tend to settle in low spots, such as basements. This can cause ignition or suffocation hazards if not dealt with.  LPG is the lowest carbon emitting hydrocarbon fuel available in rural areas, emitting 19 per cent less CO2 per kWh than oil, 30 per cent less than coal and more than 50 per cent less than coal- generated electricity distributed via the grid.  LPG burns cleanly with no soot and very few sulfur emissions, posing no ground or water pollution hazards.  Large amounts of LPG can be stored in bulk tanks and can be buried underground if required. Alternatively, gas cylinders can be used.  LPG has a typical specific calorific value of 46.1MJ/kg compared to 42.5MJ/kg for diesel and 43.5MJ/kg for premium grade petrol (gasoline).

Water gas Water gas is a synthesis gas, containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It is a useful product but requires careful handling because of the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning. The gas is made by passing steam over red-hot coke: C + H2O → CO + H2 The reaction is endothermic so the coke must be continually re-heated to keep the reaction going. At low temperature the following reaction takes place C + 2H 2 O → CO 2 + 2H 2 This is usually heated by alternating the steam stream with an air stream. Following exothermic reactions take palce C + O 2 → CO 2 2C + O 2 → 2CO

Carburetted water gas.  Water gas has a lower calorific value than coal gas so the calorific value can be boosted by passing the gas through a heated retort into which oil is sprayed. The resulting mixed gas is called carburetted water gas.

Producer Gas  It comprises mainly of CO & N2.  It is produced in a furnace called producer, by blowing air or a mixture of air and steam through hot bed of solid fuels ( coal / coke ).  Producer gas made from coal or coke has the following composition & properties: CO= 20 – 30 % CH 4 = 0 – 3 % H 2 = 11 – 20 % CO 2 = 4 – 6 % N 2 = 46 – 55 % C.V. = 1250 – 1550 kcal/Nm 3 Sp. Gr. = 0.85 – 0.90 Combustion Air Requirement = 1 – 1.3 Nm 3 /Nm 3 of producer gas

Reactions in Gas Producer  Air-Carbon Reactions C + O 2 CO 2 C + CO 2 2CO  Steam-Carbon Reactions C + H 2 OCO + H 2 C + 2H 2 OCO 2 + 2H 2 CO + H 2 OCO 2 + H 2  Methanation Reaction C + 2H 2 CH 4

Fuels for Producer Gas Manufacture  Any solid carbonaceous fuel like Wood-waste Peat Coke Coals of all ranks

Uses of Producer Gas  In furnace of glass melting  In open hearth furnace of steel making  In Coke oven heating  In internal combustion (IC) engines

Gobar Gas  Gobar gas is obtained by the fermentation of gobar (cattle dung) in the absence of air.  The refuse material can still be used as a fertilizer.  It consists mainly CH 4 and CO 2.  Two main products of gobar gas plant are fuel gas and manure.  A farmer with 5 or more cattle can install a gobar gas plant.

Gobar Gas  Typical composition & properties are shown below:  CH 4 =60 %  CO 2 =30 %  H 2 = 9.5%  N 2 = 0.5%  H 2 S & O 2 = Trace Ignition Temperature= 650 °C Octane Rating= 110 C.V. = 5400 kcal/Nm 3 Explosion Limit in Air= 5 – 15 % Air/Gas Ratio for Complete Combustion=10 : 1

Blast Furnace Gas  It is by-product of the iron blast furnace  It is produced by the partial combustion of coke and partial reduction of iron ore  Different reactions take place at different temperatures (for details see the book)  Yield:  Typical Composition:  CO= % CO 2 = %  H 2 = 4-5%  N 2 = %  O 2 = %

Blast Furnace Gas  Properties:  It is very poisonous due to CO  Low calorific value ( kcal/m3)  Higher dust content (may choke the burner)  High specific gravity ( )  Lower theoretical flame temperature (1450 C) as compared to other fuel gases  Wider explosion limits (37-71%) so more danger of explosion

Wood Gas  Wood gas is obtained either by carbonization of wood in metal retorts or by gasification of wood.  It is a medium C.V. gas not of much commercial interest  It can be used in engines, stoves and furnaces by mixing with their proper fuels.

Theoretical air and Air-Fuel Ratio  (a) Calculate the amount of air required for theoretically complete combustion of coal with the composition:  C: 82 % H-6%, O2- 4% Ash- 8% (b) Calculate the amount of air required for the complete combustion 100 m3 of Blast Furnace Gas of the following composition (by volume%) CO2=17 CO= 22.1 H2 = 4.9 N2 = 55.8 O2=0.2 (c) Calculate the volume of products of combustion for part (b) (d) Calculate the volume of products of combustion for part (b) if 10 % excess air is used

Combustion calculations  Example: Octane is burnt with 10 % excess air. Calculate  (a) Air/Fuel Ratio by weight  (b) Air/Fuel ratio by volume  (c) Weight of dry exhaust gas formed per unit weight of fuel  (d) Volume of exhaust gas at 1 atm and 260 C per unit weight of fuel  Sp. Gr. Of Octane may be assumed as 0.7

Combustion Calculations  Example Nos (Self Study)  5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12,13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,33, 34, 35,36, 37, 38