THE UNION IN PERIL: CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR CHAPTER 10 Section 1 The Divisive Politics of Slavery What was the controversy in the territories about? Why was the Compromise of 1850 adopted?

The South in the mid-1800’s is increasingly… Single Crop Plantation Economy (Cotton) Rural Segregated –black v. white –rich planters v. poor whites Fearful of Northern interference & slave revolts The North in the mid-1800’s is increasingly… Industrial economy Urban Socially and Culturally Diverse –Immigration from Europe More and more abolitionists More opposition to spread of slavery

Map: Population Distribution, 1790 and 1850 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: U.S. Manufacturing Employment, 1820 and 1850

Map: Major American Cities in 1830 and 1860 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Cotton Production in the South Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Debate over Slavery in the new territories leads SECTIONALISM!!! (AGAIN!!!) Indications: Wilmot Proviso/ Spot Resolution. Southerners believed that Congress could NOT prohibit slavery in territories which belonged to all of the States WHY? More slave states would upset the balance of power in the Senate After Texas we had come back to 15 slave and 15 Free with the admission of Iowa and Wisconsin PROBLEM: Gold Rush in 49 means that California is ready to become a state, due to population boom. California petitions to be a FREE state, despite part of it being below the 36º30’ Missouri Compromise Line

Slavery in the territories TWO PLANS 1. Extend the Missouri Compromise line to California 2. Popular Sovereignty –DEFN? –Benefit for Congressmen?

Sectionalism in Presidential Politics in 1848 Polk does not Run –Democrats run Lewis Cass (pop sovereignty) –Whigs run war hero Zachary Taylor who expresses no opinion –Anti-Slavery forces create a new 3 rd party called the Free soil party (Van Buren)

Congressional Scales, 1850 The question of how a war with Mexico might unbalance the nation politically weighed heavily on people's minds as the nation entered the 1850s. In this cartoon, lithographer Nathaniel Currier-- who later would found the famous graphic art company Currier and Ives-- illustrates the problem. Trying to balance the Wilmot Proviso against Southern Rights, the president seeks to keep congressional representatives from the North and the South in balance as well. (Library of Congress) Congressional Scales, 1850 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Statehood for California Gold Rush –Population explosion Skipped requirements to become a territory and in 1849 apply for statehood State Constitution –Outlawed slavery –Outrage of Southerners Location of California How should California enter the union? –Free or slave –Balance of power

The Senate Debates Pres. Zachary Taylor backs California’s admission as a free state and he backs the idea of popular sovereignty = the people of each territory should vote whether to be free or slave. Some Southern states, fearing a shift in the balance between N and S, threaten secession = formally withdrawing from the Union. (Which Senator from SC?) Senators Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, work out the Compromise of 1850, and save the Union from splitting into sections.

Map: Westward Expansion, Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Compromise of 1850 CONCESSIONS TO NORTH California admitted as free (16-15) New Mexico to receive disputed land with Texas Slave trade, but not slavery, abolished in D.C. CONCESSIONS TO SOUTH New Mexico and Utah Territories to be determined by popular sovereignty Texas paid $10 million as compensation for New Mexico Stronger Fugitive Slave Act

The Fugitive Slave Act Most Controversial –“Only” real “victory” for South in Compromise –Made the process easier for slave owners –Commissioners and judges paid more to return slaves –No testimony from accused slaves –Citizens had to actively be part of the process –More federal officials to enforce the law –Results (terror for free balcks, personal liberty laws, increase in activity of underground railroad

Map: The Compromise of 1850 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16 FREE VS. 15 SLAVE

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE & THE COMPROMISE OF 1850

COMPROMISE OF 1850 Calhoun and Webster debate the Compromise. Calhoun rejects it, Webster argues for it. Calhoun= advocate of state’s rights. Slaveholders have no need to get permission to take their property into the new territories. Webster= the Union must be preserved, even if some Southerners and some abolitionists remain unsatisfied. Senate FAILS to adopt the compromise. Clay retires. Stephen A. Douglass (Illinois) renews efforts to pass the Compromise in sections, which works. Calhoun’s death helps the bill to pass, also. Taylor dies, and Millard Fillmore becomes President. Fillmore supports compromise and signs the bill into law.

Compromise of 1850: The Players NAME: Calhoun Taylor Clay Douglas Webster Fillmore ROLE: = Opposed = Architect, Supporter = Advocate, Supporter = Supporter = Conciliator Calhoun and Webster famously debate the Compromise. Calhoun rejects it, Webster argues for it.

Time line of Slavery /5ths Compromise Missouri Compromise. Slavery in the Territories, balance of power Texas is admitted as a Slave state End of the war with Mexico, new territories gained, slave or free. California applies for statehood, state constitution prohibits slavery Compromise of 1850