Solid and Hazardous Waste Engineering - Introduction Jae K. Park, Professor Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison

Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) * 07/16/96 Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Municipal solid waste (MSW) Industrial/commercial/institutional (ISI) waste Handling & separation, storage & process at the source Reduce, reuse & recycle Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs) Collection & Transport Biological treatment Landfill Thermal treatment Aerobic/anaerobic compost Anaerobic digestion Incineration Pyrolysis Gasification Thermolysis Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) Energy from waste MSW Hazardous waste ‘Dry tomb’ concept ‘Bioreactor’ concept Thermolysis, is a chemical decomposition caused by heat. Gasification is a process that converts carbonaceous materials, such as coal, petroleum, biofuel, or biomass, into carbon monoxide and hydrogen by reacting the raw material, such as house waste, or compost at high temperatures with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called synthesis gas or syngas and is itself a fuel. Gasification is a method for extracting energy from many different types of organic materials. Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis typically occurs under pressure and at operating temperatures above 430 °C (800 °F). Recent trend *

Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)

John Muir (1984~1914) Founder of the Sierra Club When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe. God has cared for these trees, saved them from drought, disease, avalanches, and a thousand tempests and floods. But he cannot save them from fools.

Recycling and composting Hierarchy of ISWM Reduction Reuse Recycling and composting Incineration Landfill

Hazardous Waste – Legal Definition Listed in EPA regulations (40 CFR 261 Subpart D) F-list: non-specific source wastes, 40 CFR §261.31 K-list: source-specific wastes, 40 CFR §261.32 P-list and U-list: discarded commercial chemical products, 40 CFR §261.33 Ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic (40 CFR 261 Subpart C) Declared by the generator Federal hazardous waste regulations: 40 CFR Parts 260-268 Hazardous waste identification flowchart: http://www.fedcenter.gov/_kd/go.cfm?destination=page&Dialog=0&pge_id=1714

F-Listed Wastes REGULATED HAZARDOUS WASTE (Regardless of Quantity or the Actual Hazard They may Present) Spent halogenated solvents including: 1,1,1-trichloroethane Chlorobenzene Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,2-trichloroethane Methylene chloride Trichloroethylene Spent non-halogenated solvents including: 2-ethoxyethanol Cyclohexanone Methanol 2-nitropropane Ethyl acetate Methyl ethyl ketone Acetone Ethyl benzene Methyl isobutyl ketone Benzene Ethyl ether Pyridine Carbon disulfide Isobutanol Toluene Cresols N-butyl alcohol Xylene Cresylic acid Nitrobenzene Discarded unused formulations containing tri-, tetra-, or pentachlorophenol or discarded unused formulations containing compounds derived from these chlorophenols. All F-listed liquids and waste debris contaminated with F-listed liquids must be collected and managed as a Hazardous Waste.

Hazardous Waste (1) 40 CFR 261 Subpart C Ignitable waste (EPA HW No. D001) Liquids: flash point < 60°C Solids: cause fire under standard temp. & pressure Corrosive waste (EPA HW No. D002) Liquids: pH < 2 or > 12.5; corrode steel at > 0.25 in/yr rate Reactive waste (EPA HW No. D003) Unstable, react violently w/ air or water For potentially explosive mixtures w/ water Emit toxic fumes

Hazardous Waste (2) 40 CFR 261 Subpart C Toxicity Leach toxic constituents for solid wastes Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) Crush to < 9.5 mm particle size Sealed in extraction vessel for general analytes, or possibly pressure sealed as in zero-headspace extractions (ZHE) for volatile organic compounds Agitate in a weak acetic acid in liquid:solid = 20:1 by wt 18 hrs after, filter through 0.6~0.8 µm glass fiber filter Analyze sample for constituents

Schematic of a Landfill

History Waste: a material that is cheaper to throw away than to use Solid waste management: concerned with the generation, on-site storage, collection, transfer, transportation, process and recovery, and disposal of solid wastes Limited resources and increased cost of waste management

History (continued) Because of siting difficulties and advanced containment technologies, landfilling is becoming increasingly expensive and is forcing the reexamination of options of dealing with solid wastes. Mismanaged wastes: e.g., the Love Canal incident - public hysteria over hazardous waste management There has been a rapid evolution in the technologies utilized in land disposal practices.

Love Canal William T. Love: developed an industrial park and accompanying housing development in the late 1800s. Energy intensive electrochemical or chemical synthesis industries settled near the 8-mile long canal. Hooker company produced DDT, 2,4,5-T, and chlorinated solvents. Hooker used the unfinished canals for the disposal of chemical waste. A school and a subdivision were developed around the dump site. Liquid and gaseous wastes migrated into the school and into the basements of houses. The exposure was through the inhalation. The incident of cancer and birth defects soared.

Love Canal

* 07/16/96 History (continued) Fifth century B.C. in Greece - earliest known forms of waste management Roman empire: first garbage collection service 1880 in major U.S. cities: minimal sort of garbage collection Until the 1900s, dumped directly on the land Around 1910, created sanitary landfills Until the 1950s, careless open-pit dumping and intentional burning without proper planning and engineering procedures Sanitary landfill: 부담 갖지 말고 *

History (continued) 1959: sanitary landfill was the major method of solid waste disposal in the U.S. It was realized that a liner across the base of landfills with an engineered cap system to reduce long-term leachate generation and the escape of leachates to the environment were minimum requirements. Changes in legislation were the driving force.

History (continued) Concept of controlled tipping - sealed in cells formed from earth or other cover material - to change the physical characteristics of the buried solid wastes to make it relatively free from odor, less attractive to vermin, and less dangerous to health Not In My BackYard (NIMBY) 3Rs - reduce, reuse, and recycle Understanding of the impact of 3Rs separation programs on the character of the waste to be landfilled will be an important consideration.

Live in “Never-Never Land” We prohibit new power plants and believe in cheap electricity. We prohibit oil drilling and refining, impede independent gas stations, legislate costly antipollution additives, and believe in cheap gasoline. We blackmail developers into “donating” land for open space and believe in cheap housing. We sabotage nuclear waste disposal, hide our waste within our communities, and believe in a pure, safe environment. We mandate health benefits, and believe in cheap care. It is only consistent that we look to politicians for solutions, the very same who created the problems by running on anti-utility, anti-oil, anti-development, anti- nuclear, and anti-HMO platforms. September 2000 Thomas W. Schoene La Jolla, California

Definition Sketch for Landfill Operations and Processes Landfill closure Landscaping and cover maintenance Surface water control Landfill design Landfill gas management Final cover design Gas conversion to electricity Surface water drainage Gas flaring Reactions occurring in landfills Site planning Gas collection system design Liner design Leachate collection Leachate treatment Gas well and ambient air Load inspection Weight Groundwater Vadose zone Leachate management Placement Environmental monitoring Landfill operations

Leachate collection pipe Liner Monitoring facilities Gas collection trench Typical waste cell Landscaping Final cover Typical waste cell Gas collection trench Liner Leachate collection

Number of Landfills in the United States 1988~2006 Stringent regulations forced many old landfills to shut down. Why? Reference web site: http://nrc-recycle.org/Data/Sites/1/Climate%20Change/MSWcharacterization_revise_v10.pdf

Review 40 CFR Part 258.10 Contents of 40 CFR Part 258 * Location Restrictions (Subpart B) NEW AND LATERAL EXPANSIONS: Proximity to airports Floodplains Wetlands Fault areas Seismic impact zones Unstable areas EXISTING UNITS: 07/16/96 Review 40 CFR Part 258.10 Contents of 40 CFR Part 258 Section 258.16 CLOSURE OF EXISTING MSWLFS Performance Standard: 258.16(a) Existing MSWLF units that cannot make the demonstration specified in sec. 285.10(a) pertaining to airports, 258.11(a) pertaining to floodplains, or 258.15(a) pertaining to unstable areas, must close by October 9, 1996, in accordance with sec. 258.60 of this part and conduct post-closure activities in accordance with sec. 258.61 of this part. 258.16(b) The deadline for closure required by paragraph (a) of this section may be extended up to two years if the owner or operator demonstrates to the Director of an approved State that: 258.16(b)(1) There is no available alternative disposal capacity; 258.16(b)(2) There is no immediate threat to human health and the environment. 258.10(a) Owners or operators of new MSWLF units, existing MSWLF units, and lateral expansions that are located within 10,000 feet (3,048 meters) of any airport runway end used by turbojet aircraft or within 5,000 feet (1,524 meters) of any airport runway end used by only piston-type aircraft must demonstrate that the units are designed and operated so that the MSWLF unit does not pose a bird hazard to aircraft. 258.10(b) Owners or operators proposing to site new MSWLF units and lateral expansions located within a five-mile radius of any airport runway end used by turbojet or piston-type aircraft must notify the affected airport and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). 258.11(a) Owners or operators of new MSWLF units, existing MSWLF units, and lateral expansions located in 100-year floodplains must demonstrate that the unit will not restrict the flow of the 100-year flood, reduce the temporary water storage capacity of the floodplain, or result in washout of solid waste so as to pose a hazard to human health and the environment. The owner or operator must place the demonstration in the operating record and notify the State Director that it has been placed in the operating record. *

Operating Criteria (Subpart C) * 07/16/96 Operating Criteria (Subpart C) Exclude hazardous waste Daily cover Disease vector control Explosive gases Access control Run-on & run-off control Surface water requirements Liquid management Record keeping *

* 07/16/96 Design Criteria for New MSW Landfill Units and Lateral Expansions (Subpart D) In Approved States: Design must ensure that maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) will not be exceeded at the relevant point of compliance (cannot be more than 150 meters from unit boundary and must be on property of owner/operator) In Unapproved States: Composite liner consisting of an upper flexible membrane liner (FML) and a lower soil layer at least 2 ft thick and a leachate collection system *

* 07/16/96 Design Criteria for New MSW Landfill Units and Lateral Expansions (Subpart D) Composite Liner & Leachate Collection System Design (Unapproved State) Approved Design that Meets Performance Standard (Approved State) Approved states: Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Utah and Wyoming http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/industrial/guide/pdf/chap7b.pdf *

Design Criteria for Existing MSW Landfill Units Requires installation of final cover that prevents infiltration after closure Does not require retrofitting with liners or leachate collection systems

Groundwater Monitoring Requirements (Subpart E) Requires monitoring of groundwater to detect releases and determine if corrective action is necessary New MSW landfill units must comply prior to accepting wastes Existing MSW landfill units and lateral expansions must comply within 5 years.

Part 257 & 258 Corrective Action Program Steps leading to corrective action: Establish groundwater monitoring program Detection monitoring Statistically significant increase over background Assessment monitoring Statistically significant increase over groundwater protection standard Corrective action

Closure Requirements (Subpart F) Final cover consists of: Erosion layer: min. 6” earthen material of sustaining native plant growth Infiltration layer: min. of 18” of earthen material with a permeability equal to or less than the permeability of any bottom liner system or natural subsoils present or < 1 × 10-5 cm/sec Note: An approved State may allow an alternative cover.

Post Closure Care Requirements (Subpart F) Prepare post-closure plan Post-closure care must be conducted for 30 years. Time period may be reduced or increased by Approved State. if demonstrated

Financial Assurance (Subpart G) Requires demonstration of financial assurance for closure, post-closure care, and corrective action for known releases Acceptable funding mechanisms include: Trust Funds, Surety Bonds, Letters of Credit, Insurance Policies, Guarantees, State Assumption of Responsibility, and State- approved mechanisms Exempts States and Federal Government