Culture V – Ethnicity and Race

Ethnicity vs. Race Ethnic Group or Ethnicity Race Cultural traits shared by a group of people Closely linked w/Nationality Nationality is identity w/a group of people through legal attachment (country of origin) Race Characteristics that can be transmitted genetically from parent to offspring Physical characteristics of a common genetic heritage African American vs. Black

Counting the Races US Census What is this information used for? US Census race classifications Population Estimates What is this information used for? What is the purpose of knowing the races? What do people identify more with, race or ethnicity?

Race in the USA Historically, race relations in the USA has been to discourage of spatial interaction Laws and policies Cultural preferences or discrimination Based on racism “Separate but Equal” – 1896 “Jim Crow” laws Housing and Ghettos

Race in the USA Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, KS – 1954 “White Flight” and “Blockbusting” Detroit Whites 1950 – 1.7 million 1960 – 1.3 million 1970 – 900,000 1980 – 500,000 1990 – 300,000 2000 – 200,000 Blacks 1950 – 300,000 1960 – 500,000 1970 – 700,000 1990 – 800,000 2000 – 800,000

Race in South Africa Apartheid Established by whites – Boers/Afrikaners British defeated Boers in 1902 1948 – Afrikaners gained control of gov’t through elections Newborns classified in to 1 of 4 races White, black, colored (mix), or Asian Established 10 “homelands” for blacks

Race in South Africa End of Apartheid 1991 – white dominated gov’t repealed laws African National Congress legalized Nelson Mandela released from jail after 27 years Nelson Mandela was elected president in 1994

Distribution of Ethnicities in the USA 2 largest ethnic groups Hispanic or Latino – 14% African American – 12% Distribution of ethnicities at 2 scales Within regions of a country Within neighborhoods of cities

Distribution of African Americans in the USA

Distribution of Hispanic Americans in the USA

Concentration of Ethnicities in Cities African Americans ¼ of Americans live in cities ½ of African Americans live in cities MI Detroit - 85% Rest of State – 7% Hispanic Americans North – similar to African Americans South CA Los Angeles – 50% Rest of State – state average TX San Antonio and El Paso – 50%

Concentration of Ethnicities in Neighborhoods Ethnic Groups in Chicago Immigration in early 20th century to Northern cities due to manufacturing industries Ethnic groups clustered in neighborhoods – chain migration Ethnic Groups in Los Angeles

African American Migration Patterns Immigration from Africa in the 18th century

African American Migration Patterns Immigration from South to North during 1st half of 20th century WWI WWII

African American Migration Patterns Immigration from inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods