Ecosystems and Biomes Energy Flow in Ecosystems Key Ideas:  The energy role of an organism is that of a producer, consumer, or decomposer.  Producers are the source of all the food in an ecosystem.  Consumers include herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and scavengers.  Decomposers return nutrients to the environment where they can be used again.  A food web shows feeding relationships.  At each level in an energy pyramid, there is less available energy than at the level below. Additional Key Terms: food chain

Ecosystems and Biomes Food Chains and Food Webs The movement of energy though an ecosystem can be shown in diagrams called food chains and food webs. - Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Ecosystems and Biomes Building Vocabulary A definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling about its most important feature or function. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term in your own words. - Energy Flow in Ecosystems Key Terms:Examples: food chain consumer herbivore omnivore carnivore scavenger In a food chain, a consumer could be an herbivore, an omnivore, or a carnivore, including a scavenger. decomposerDecomposers are nature’s recyclers. Key Terms:Examples: energy pyramid food web producers An energy pyramid shows how much energy moves from one level to another in a food web, beginning with the producers.

Ecosystems and Biomes End of Section: Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Ecosystems and Biomes Cycles of Matter Key Ideas:  Matter cycles through an ecosystem. Energy must be supplied constantly.  The processes of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation form the water cycle. Additional Key Terms:

Ecosystems and Biomes The Water Cycle - Cycles of Matter The processes of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation make up the water cycle.

Ecosystems and Biomes The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles In ecosystems, the processes by which carbon and oxygen are recycled are linked. Producers, consumers, and decomposers play roles in recycling carbon and oxygen. - Cycles of Matter

Ecosystems and Biomes The Nitrogen Cycle - Cycles of Matter In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen moves from the air to the soil, into living things, and back into the air.

Ecosystems and Biomes Sequencing Sequence is the order in which a series of events occurs. As you read, make a cycle diagram that shows the water cycle. Write each event of the water cycle in a separate oval. The Water Cycle Water evaporates. Clouds form. Precipitation falls. Precipitation runs off or becomes groundwater. - Cycles of Matter

Ecosystems and Biomes End of Section: Cycles of Matter

Ecosystems and Biomes Biogeography Key Ideas:  Means of dispersal or organisms include continental drift, wind, water, and living organism.  Three factors that limit dispersal are physical barriers, competition, and climate. Additional Key Terms:biogeography, native species, exotic species, invasive species

Ecosystems and Biomes Continental Drift One factor that has affected how species are distributed is the motion of Earth’s continents. - Biogeography

Ecosystems and Biomes Relating Cause and Effect As you read, identify Three Causes of Dispersal. Write the information in a graphic organizer like the one below. Dispersal of species Wind Water Living things, including humans - Biogeography Causes Effect

Ecosystems and Biomes Relating Cause and Effect As you read, identify Three Limits to Dispersal. Write the information in a graphic organizer like the one below. Limited dispersal of species Physical Barriers Competition Climate - Biogeography Limits Effect

Ecosystems and Biomes Limits to Dispersal - Biogeography The typical weather pattern in an area over a long period of time is the area’s climate.

Ecosystems and Biomes End of Section: Biogeography

Populations and Communities Succession Key Ideas:  Primary succession occurs where no previous ecosystem exists. Secondary succession occurs after a disturbance. Additional Key Terms:succession, pioneer species

Populations and Communities Primary succession is the series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organisms exist. Changes in Communities Primary Succession

Populations and Communities Secondary Succession Secondary succession is the series of changes that occur in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed, but where soil and organisms still exist. Changes in Communities

Populations and Communities Factors in Succession Primary Succession Secondary Succession As you read, compare and contrast carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in a table like the one below. Possible cause Volcanic eruptionFire Type of area No soil or organisms exist. Soil and organisms exist. Existing ecosystem? NoYes Changes in Communities Comparing and Contrasting

Living Resources Environmental Issues Key Ideas:  Three types of environmental issues are resource use, population growth, and pollution.  Making environmental decisions requires balancing different viewpoints and weighing the costs and benefits of proposals. Additional Key Terms:renewable resources, nonrenewable resources, development viewpoint, preservation viewpoint, conservation viewpoint

Living Resources Main Idea Detail Identifying Main Ideas As you read the section “Types of Environmental Issues,” write the main idea in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details that give examples of the main idea. Three types of environmental issues are… Resource usePopulation growthPollution - Environmental Issues

Living Resources End of Section: Environmental Issues

Living Resources Biodiversity Key Ideas:  Factors that affect biodiversity include area, climate, and diversity of niches.  Human activities that threaten biodiversity include habitat destruction, poaching, pollution, and introduction of exotic species.  Three techniques for protecting biodiversity are regulating capture and trade, captive breeding, and habitat preservation. Additional Key Terms: keystone species, extinction, endangered species, threatened species

Living Resources Diversity of Species The number of different species in an area is called its biodiversity. - Biodiversity

Living Resources Factors Affecting Biodiversity Factors that affect biodiversity in an ecosystem include area, climate, and diversity of niches. - Biodiversity

Living Resources California Peregrine Falcon Recovery The peregrine falcon, the world’s fastest bird of prey, was nearly extinct in the United States in The pesticide DDT was weakening peregrine eggshells, so eggs rarely hatched. In 1972, the United States banned DDT. Use the graph to answer questions about the peregrine population in California. - Biodiversity

Living Resources California Peregrine Falcon Recovery Time interval in years is on the x-axis. Number of breeding pairs of peregrine falcons is on the y-axis. Reading Graphs: What variable is plotted on the x-axis? What variable is plotted on the y-axis? - Biodiversity

Living Resources California Peregrine Falcon Recovery The population grew steadily, except for a brief drop around 1980, until 1994, when the number of breeding pairs remained the same for the four following years. Interpreting Data: How did California’s peregrine population change from 1976 to 1998? - Biodiversity

Living Resources California Peregrine Falcon Recovery There were only a few breeding pairs at first, and they could produce only a few young. These, in turn, had to grow up before they had a chance to breed. As more pairs grew to breeding age, more and more young could be produced. Inferring: Why do you think the peregrine population grew fairly slowly at first? - Biodiversity

Living Resources California Peregrine Falcon Recovery The graph probably would have sloped downward from left to right, possibly reaching zero breeding pairs. Predicting: What might this graph have looked like if DDT had not been banned? - Biodiversity

Living Resources Building Vocabulary After you read this section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a meaningful sentence using each Key Term. - Biodiversity Key Terms:Examples: biodiversityThe biodiversity of ecosystems can have great economic value. keystone speciesA keystone species is a species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem. geneGenes are the structures in an organism’s cells that carry its hereditary information. extinctionThe disappearance of all members of a species from Earth is called extinction. endangered speciesSpecies in danger of becoming extinct in the near future are called endangered species. Key Terms:Examples: threatened species habitat destruction habitat fragmentation poaching captive breeding Species that could become endangered in the near future are called threatened species. The major cause of extinction is habitat destruction. Breaking larger habitats into smaller, isolated pieces, or fragments, is called habitat fragmentation. The illegal killing or removal of wildlife species from their habitats is called poaching. Captive breeding is the mating of animals in zoos or wildlife preserves.

Living Resources Biodiversity Concept Map

Living Resources End of Section: Biodiversity

Living Resources Graphic Organizer Ecological value Biodiversity is valued for is threatened by can be protected by Economic value Habitat destruction Pollution Laws Captive breeding Habitat preservation Poaching