We often use the following words to express the reason for a situation. becausebecause of/due to/as a result of since/astoo... to/(not)... enough to Which ones can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence? because of/due to/as a result ofsince/as Which ones can only be used in the middle of a sentence? because too... to/(not)... enough to

becausebecause of/due to/as a result of since/as too... to/(not)... enough to Which ones are followed by a clause? since/asbecause We cancelled the barbecue because/since/as it was raining. Since/As it was raining, we cancelled the barbecue. Which one is followed by a noun/noun phrase? Because of/due to/as a result of We cancelled the barbecue because of/due to/as a result of the rain. Because of/Due to/As a result of the rain, we cancelled the barbecue.

We cancelled the barbecue because/since/as it was raining. Since/As it was raining, we cancelled the barbecue. We cancelled the barbecue because of/due to/as a result of the rain. Because of/Due to/As a result of the rain, we cancelled the barbecue. Which one is used with adjectives or adverbs? too... to/(not)... enough to He is too weak to carry the big box. He is not strong enough to carry the big box. t becausebecause of/due to/as a result of since/as too... to/(not)... enough to

Practice

Look at the following notes. Write out the sentences using ‘because’, ‘because of’, ‘due to’, ‘as a result of’, ‘since’ or ‘as’. 1Jimmy won the competition  very happy 2her hard work  Kate came first in class 3Alan didn’t sleep well last night  felt very sleepy 4its fame  many students applied to the school. Alan felt very sleepy because/since/as he didn’t sleep well last night. Jimmy was very happy because/since/as he won the competition. Because of/Due to/As a result of her hard work, Kate came first in class. Kate came first in class because of/due to/as a result of her hard work. Since/As Alan didn’t sleep well last night, he felt very sleepy. Since/As Jimmy won the competition, he was very happy. Because of/Due to/As a result of its fame, many students applied to the school. Many students applied to the school because of/due to/as a result of its fame.

Look at the following notes. Write out the sentences using the words in brackets. 1it is very cold  can’t swim (too... to) 2she is very short  can’t reach the top shelf (not... enough to) 3wind-surfing is very difficult  can’t learn in a week (too... to) 4the bag is very small  can’t hold all the books (not... enough to) 5Grandpa is very old  can’t play football (too... to) 6it is very hot  can’t go hiking (too... to) Grandpa is too old to play football. It is too cold to swim. Wind-surfing is too difficult to learn in a week. The bag is not big enough to hold all the books. She is not tall enough to reach the top shelf. It is too hot to go hiking.

We often use the following words to talk about the result of a situation. sotherefore/as a result Which one is used at the beginning of a sentence? Therefore/As a result Which one is used in the middle of a sentence? so He reads a lot about computers. Therefore/As a result, he knows a lot about them. May is afraid of water. Therefore/As a result, she does not know how to swim. She wanted to do well in her test, so she studied very hard. The film was very interesting, so we all went to see it.

Practice

Look at the following notes. Write out the sentences using the words given in brackets. 1the weather was very bad  the picnic was postponed (so) 2she broke her leg  can’t run in the race (therefore) 3we practised very hard  came first in the singing contest (as a result) 4there was an accident on the road  the traffic was congested (so) 5the boy lied to his parents  they were very angry (therefore) 6a fire broke out in the building  hundreds of people lost their homes (as a result) The boy lied to his parents. Therefore, they were very angry. The weather was very bad, so the picnic was postponed. We practised very hard. As a result, we came first in the singing contest. There was an accident on the road, so the traffic was congested. She broke her leg. Therefore, she can’t run in the race. A fire broke out in the building. As a result, hundreds of people lost their homes.

We can also use the following words to express cause and result. so... thatsuch... that Which one is used with an adjective and a noun? such... that He is such a naughty boy that nobody likes to play with him. It is such an interesting book that I have read it again and again. Which one is used with an adjective or adverb? so... that The boy is so naughty that nobody likes to play with him. The book is so interesting that I have read it again and again.

Practice

Look at the following notes. Write out the sentences using ‘so... that’ or ‘such... that’. 1the article is very difficult  I gave up 2she is a very helpful girl  everybody wants to be her friend 3I was very tired  I fell asleep in class 4it was a very difficult question  nobody could think of the answer 5I was very thirsty  I drank three cups of water 6it was a very nice day  we decided to go hiking I was so thirsty that I drank three cups of water. The article is so difficult that I gave up. I was so tired that I fell asleep in class. It was such a difficult question that nobody could think of the answer. She is such a helpful girl that everybody wants to be her friend. It was such a nice day that we decided to go hiking.