Decolonization Ch 34

India Section 1

Congress Party Who: Hindus & Muslims What: India’s national political party Where: India When: 1940s Why: India had 350mill Hindus & 150 mill Muslims; most of Congress party were Hindu, but some Muslim; advocated for independence against GB & fought for Indian interests

Mohandas Gandhi Who: leader of the Congress party What: launched the 1 st nonviolent campaign for independence Where: India When: 1920s Why: his ideas inspired Indians of all ethnic, religious backgrounds to achieve independence; he puts the thoughts of independence in Indians’ heads; a Hindu who doesn’t like his peacefulness b.n Hindus & Muslims extremist assassinated him in 1948

1. What were the major concerns of the Muslim league? They thought that the mainly Hindu Congress party looked out primarily for Hindu interests, not Muslim interests Wanted to ensure a safe & secure region for Muslims

Muslim League Who: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Indian Muslims What: an organization founded to help protect Muslim interests; rival group to the Congress party When: 1906 Where: India Why: they felt the Congress party only looked out for the Hindus; they stated they would never accept independence if it meant rule by the Hindu-dominated Congress party

2. What problems had to be resolved in the months prior to independence? Division of India- who should be in power? How should we divide the land? Where would ppl go and how would the gov’t be run?

Partition Who: British officials, Muslims & Hindus What: the term given to the division of India into 2 separate Hindu and Muslim nations Where: India & Pakistan When: 1946 Why: British officials were convinced that partition was the only way to ensure a safe region; the NW & Eastern regions of India where most Muslims lived = Pakistan

3. What were the terms of the cease fire? 1/3 of Kashmir under Pakistan control & the rest under Indian control

4. How did Nehru contribute to India’s modernization? He led new independent nations in neutral alliances He industrialized Pushed for social reform Expanded human & women’s rights

Jawaharlal Nehru Who: Prime Minister What: the independent nation of India’s first Prime Minister Where: India When: Why: he was one of Gandhi’s devoted followers; he led other newly independent nations of the world in following an alliance of countries that were neutral in the Cold War; he pushed for industrialization & sponsored social reforms; he tried to elevate the lower castes; his death left the Congress party w. no strong leader= divisions in India

5. What events led to the creation of Bangladesh? E. Pakistan was hit by huge tidal wave W. Pakistan didn’t transfer aid quickly enough Demonstrations broke out- Civil war in Pakistan 2 separate nations

6. What major problem did Indira Gandhi face? Disarming the Tamil rebels Challenges from Sikh extremists that wanted to be an independent state

Indira Gandhi Who: Nehru’s daughter, Prime minister What: took control of India after her father died Where: India When: Why: she faced many threats from Sikh extremists & other political factions throughout India; sent Indian troops to overrun Golden Temple= killed 500 sikhs & destroyed sacred property = assassinated by Sikhs in 1984

7. What was the cause of turmoil in Sri Lanka? Group of militant Tamils fought for their own country of Tamil

Benizir Bhutto Who: Bhutto’s daughter; Prime minister What: took over Pakistan after her father was executed Where: Pakistan When: 1970s Why: she was removed from office by a military coup = the military rules Pakistan = continues to struggle w. challenges from Muslim militants & ongoing disputes w. India

Southeast Asia Section 2

Bell Act Who: Americans & Filipinos What: established free trade b.n US & the Philippines Where: Philippines When: 1960s Why: this est. & had to be passed b4 the US would pay the $620million in war damages it promised to the Philippines; Filipinos were worried that this would allow US to exploit their resources- but they passed it anyway

a. Why did the Filipinos object to this act? Filipinos were worried that this would allow US to exploit their resources

b. Why did they agree to sign it? To have free trade w. the US & get the $$ the US promised them

Why did the US demand a long lease on it’s military and naval bases in the Philippines? To maintain military presence in Asia w. the start of the Cold War To get valuable resources

Ferdinand Marcos Who: President of the Philippines What: President who imposed an authoritarian regime & stole billions of $$ from Philippines Where: Philippines When: Why: stoles millions of $$ from public treasury; limited to 8 years of presidential office but imposed a law to keep power; an election brought Corazon Aquino who challenged him- he refused to acknowledge her victory = the public overthrew him =he fled to Hawaii & died

3. Why does the Philippines restrict the Pres. To a single term? To prevent the abuse of power that occurred under Marcos’ rule

Corazon Aquino Who: Benigno Aquino’s widow, opponent to Marcos What: challenged Marcos to presidency of Philippines & won Where: Philippines When: 1986 Why: she won the presidency decisively- Marcos refused to acknowledge it- he made a law to stay in power = ppl were mad = kicked him out & made her president; promised a more open & democratic form of gov’t; ratified a new constitution; ended the lease on US bases thru negotiation

4 A. What role did General Ne Win play in Burmese history? Set up a military gov’t w. a goal to make a socialist state

4B. What role did National League for Democracy play in Burmese history? They won 80% of the seats in the 1990 election- but the military gov’t denies it = the military gov’t stayed in charge in Burma

Aung San Suu Kyi Who: daughter of Aung San, leader of National League for Democracy What: was active in Nat’l League for Democracy When: Where: Burma, Southeast Asia Why: for her pro-Democracy activities she was put on house arrest 2 separate times = left many Burmese residents doubting whether their country will ever accept democracy; military gov’t remained

5A. What’s the current political status of Singapore? Independent city-state

5B. What’s the current political status of Malaya? Sarawak & Sabah? United into a federation of what’s called “Malaysia”

Sukarno Who: Indonesian President What: led the effort to establishing an independent Indonesia Where: Indonesia When: 1949 Why: he proclaimed Indonesia’s independence from Netherlands & named himself president; a guerilla army backed him up; the Dutch attempted to regain control but after losing support of the US the Dutch gave Indonesia it’s independence

Suharto Who: General Suharto What: sought power for himself, began a bloodbath in which 500,000 to 1 mill Indonesians were killed Where: Indonesia When: Why: named President in 1967; turned Indonesia into a police state; heavily criticized; little tolerance for religious freedoms; bribery & corruption- commonplace; economy improved for awhile BUT gov’t repression & economic crisis = forced him to step down= then they moved towards Democracy

6. What factors finally forced Suharto to step down? Growing unrest over both Gov’t repression & a crippling Economic crisis

Africa Sec 3

Negritude Movement Who: Africans & W. Indians What: a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, & values Where: Africa When: s Why: the Africans pushed for independence in the decades b4 WWII; French speaking Africans & W. Indians began to express their growing sense of black consciousness & pride in traditional African; when WWII broke out African soldiers fought w. Europeans = after the war, they were unwilling to accept colonial domination

1. Ghana Tactics used by Nkrumah: organized strikes & boycotts Nkrumah’s reforms: new roads, schools, & expanded health facilities; Industrialization Problems: spending too much time on African efforts & the expense of his programs undermined the economy

Kwame Nkrumah Who: Ghana’s first Prime minister & president for life What: leader of Ghana’s nonviolent movement for freedom Where: Ghana, West Africa When: Why: He worked to liberate Ghana from the British; he organized strokes & boycotts = ultimately, they got independence; he became leader of Ghana; pushed for new roads, schools, health facilities, industrialized & gave welfare = his programs were too $$ = crippled Ghana’s economy= the army & police took control & kicked him out of power

2. Kenya Tactics used by Mau Mau: Guerilla warfare Kenyatta’s reforms: unite countries of various ethnic & language groups Problems: killed hundreds & left 1000s homeless; corruption & ethnic conflicts

Jomo Kenyatta Who: African revolutionary; Kenyan Nationalist & president What: promoted his beliefs & was put in jail Where: Kenya, Africa When: Why: got independence for Kenya; became president; united many ethnic groups; after he died- no one was as successful at governing the country

3. Zaire How independence was gained: Belgium gave it to them & then Mobutu seized power Mobutu’s rule: maintained control through force; 1 party rule; gifts to supporters; overthrown Problems: overthrown by a rebel leader; constant civil wars; promise of Democracy never fulfilled

4. Algeria How was independence gained: Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) sent ½ mill soldiers to fight against French colonists Ben Bella’s programs: attempted to make a socialist state Problems: overthrown by his army commander; unemployment; dissatisfaction w. the govt

Ahmed Ben Bella Who: leader of FLN & president of Algeria What: became first president of newly independent Algeria Where: Algeria, Africa When: Why: He attempted to make Algeria a socialist state; overthrown in 1965 by his military commander

5. Angola How independence was gained: fighting & an independence movement against Portugal Causes of Civil war: Communist- Leaning MPLA declared itself the new nation’s rightful govt = rebel groups fought for power = civil war Other problems: various rebel groups fought for power; abandoned case-fire agreements = continued war

Middle East Section 4

1. Britain issues the Balfour declaration Causes: Sir Arthur Balfour promoted the idea of creating a Jewish homeland in Palestine Effects: hostility between Palestinians & Jews continued to grow

2. Independent Israel is created Causes: The UN voted for a partition of Palestine into a Palestinian state & a Jewish state Effects: the new nation of Israel got a hostile greeting from it’s neighbors- the day after it proclaimed itself a state- six Islamic states ( Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, & Syria) invaded Israel = Arab-Israeli war

3. The 1956 Arab-Israeli war breaks out Causes: Israel became an independent nation & 6 Islamic states invaded; Israel claimed lands that Arabs felt should have exclusively been Arab Effects: 1956 Suez crisis occurred which led to Israel & Europe withdrawing from Egypt; the expansion of Israeli boundaries

day war began Causes: Arabs were about to attack w. Soviet help; Israelis were convinced the Arabs were about to attack so they struck airfields in surrounding Islamic countries Effects: Israel defeated Arabs & Arabs lost ppl

Anwar Sadat Who: Egyptian president What: planned a joint Arab attack on Yom Kippur (Jewish holiday) Where: Egypt When: 1973 Why: the Israelis were caught by surprise; Arab forces inflicted heavy casualties and recaptured some of their territory lost in 1967; both sides agreed to a truce several weeks after fighting; 1977-he stunned the world by extending a hand to Israel- the first Arab country to do so =historic opportunity for peace; signed the Camp David Accords= ended 30 years of hostility

Golda Meir Who: Israel’s prime minister What: launched a counter attack against Egypt (Arabs, Anwar Sadat) in the Yom Kippur War Where: Israel When: 1967 Why: he regained territory they had lost to Egpyt; agreed to a truce w. Anwar Sadat

5. The 1973 Yom Kippur war begins Causes: conflicts b.n Arabs & Jewish Israel Effects: Israel regained territory it had lost previously; Egypt & Israel signed a truce

PLO Who: Palestinians What: Palestine Liberation Organization Where: Palestine When: 1964 Why: this organization pushed for the formation of a Palestinian state; made up of different groups- guerilla fighters, laborers, teachers, etc. ; guerillas took over the organization and said the only way to get what they wanted was through armed struggle

Yasir Arafat Who: chairman of PLO What: his group carried out numerous attacks against Israel in order to form their own Palestinian state Where: Israel & Palestine When: 1960s, 1970s Why: his attacks on Israel & Arabs gave Palestine it’s own state

6. Sadat & Begin sign the Camp David Accords Causes: Arabs wanted permission to nuke Israel; Israel wanted Egypt to recognize them as their own independent state Effects: ended 30 years of hostilities b.n Egypt & Israel and became the first signed agreement b.n Israel & an Arab country

Camp David Accords Who: Jimmy Carter, Sadat, & Begin What: a signed agreement Where: Camp David, USA When: Why: ended 30 years of hostilities b.n Egypt & Israel and became the first signed agreement b.n Israel & an Arab country

Intifada Who: Palestinians What: Palestinians began to express their frustration in a widespread campaign of civil disobedience or uprising (called Intifada) Where: Gaza Strip, occupied by Israel When: s Why: they took the form of boycotts, demonstrations, & attacks on Israeli soldiers; cont’d thru the 1990sw little progress; this affected world opinion which put pressure on Israel to negotiate peace w. Palestinians

Oslo Peace Accords Who: Palestinians What: document called the Declaration of Principles from secret talks held in Norway about Israeli-Palestinian peace When: 1993 Where: about Israel, held in Norway Why: Israel agreed to grant Palestinians self-rule in Gaza strip and the West Bank; the Prime Minister of Israel was assassinated afterwards by an extremist that was against Palestinians =there was still difficulties

7. Rabin & Arafat issue Declaration of Principles Causes: Palestine territories occupied by Israel were a bitterly divided issue Effects: Israel agreed to grant Palestinians self- rule on Gaza Strip; Israeli Prime minister was assassinated

Central Asia Struggles Sec 5

Transcaucasian Republics Who: Central Asians What: 3 nations that lie in the Caucusus Mountains b.n the Black & Caspian Seas Where: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia When: 1991-present Why: they have a lot of oil & natural gas fluids that the Soviets want which led to a solid economy; with the fall of the Soviet Union & Communism = these nations separated from the USSR & formed their own republic = they had a difficult time standing on their own w.o SU help = dependent on the SU even after independence

Central Asian Republics Who: Central Asians What: 5 nations that are east of the Caspian Sea & extended into Pamir Mountains Where: Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikstan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan When: 1991-present Why: with the fall of the Soviet Union & Communism = these nations separated from the USSR & formed their own republic = they had a difficult time standing on their own w.o SU help = dependent on the SU even after independence; they’ve struggled economically & are now some of the poorest countries in the world; prob stems from reliance on SU

1. Since gaining independence, why have the nations of Central Asia struggled economically? Because of their heavy reliance on the Soviet Union for economic help Dependence on one crop hurt development of a balanced economy Soviet Union converted a lot of farmland to grow all cotton

2. Why have many regional wars been fought in Central Asia? It’s a mixing pot of different religions and ethnicities that don’t like each other Soviet Union prevented hostilities from breaking out = When SU was no longer in charge = hostilities broke out into wars

3. During the 1800s, why did GB want to gain control over Afghanistan? To protect the northern borders of it’s Indian empire Why did Russia want control over this region? – They wanted access to the Indian Ocean for a warm-water port so they could trade all year long

4. Why did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan in 1979? To conquer the country and add it to their Soviet/Communist Empire There was a rebellion & Soviet Union needed to step in

Mujahideen Who: Afghan holy warriors What: a group of Afghans in opposition to the Soviet control of Afghanistan Where: Afghanistan When: Why: these rebels fought fiercely against the Soviet government; they felt that Communist policies conflicted w. the teachings of Islam; the Soviet government w. its superior military was not able to put down the rebellion b..c the Afghans used guerilla tactics & the US provided $$$ = the SU withdrew troops = the Mujahideen won

Taliban Who: Afghan rebel group What: conservative Islamic Afghan rebel group that wanted control of Afghanistan Where: Afghanistan When: 1998-now Why: leaders restricted women’s lives by forbidding them to go to school or jobs; they banned everything from tv, movies, and modern music; breaking these rules= beatings or death; this group played a role in world terrorism- 9/11 = US eventually kicked them outta power in the war; they fought other Afghan groups for control of Afghanistan & won- controlled 90% of the country

Osama Bin Laden Who: terrorist leader of the Al-Qaeda What: responsible for numerous attacks on the West including 9/11 World Trade Centers & Pentagon Where: Afghanistan When: Why: after the 9/11 attacks, the Taliban refused to give him up to the USA = US bombed Al-Qaeda airfields & training camps = US drove the Taliban from power = US captured Bin Laden in 2011 & executed him

5. How did rule by the Taliban affect Afghanistan? Brought order to the war torn nation Followed an extreme interpretation of Islamic law & applied it to every aspect of Afghan society – Restrictive of women banned media – Punished ppl severely – Supported terrorism – #6 I will give in class tomorrow.. Before your test