Comma Spices & Run-On Sentences Chapter 20

WHAT ARE THEY? Comma splice = Comma fault When a comma is used incorrectly between complete sentences. Run-On Sentence = Fused sentence/Run-together sentence Two complete sentences run into each other without any punctuation.

PRACTICE The icebergs broke off from the glacier, they drifted into the sea. COMMA SPLICE The icebergs broke off from the glacier they drifted into the sea. RUN-ON SENTENCE The icebergs broke off from the glacier. They drifted into the sea. CORRECT

EXCEPTION When meaning allows, a colon or dash can be used to join two independent clauses.

RECOGNIZING “THEM” Know an Independent Clause Know a comma splice or run-on. QUICK REFERENCE 20.1

THE CORRECTION Use a period between the two sentences. A shark is all cartilage. It does not have a bone in its body. Use a semicolon between the two sentences. The great white shark supposedly eats humans; research shows that most white sharks spit them out after the first bite.

Coordination & Subordination Important to Sentence Structuring

Definition Reflect relationships between ideas being expressed. Coordination shows the EQUALITY of ideas. Subordination shows the value of one idea over the other.

Example The sky turned dark gray. The wind died down. COORDINATION: The sky turned dark gray, and the wind died down. SUBORDINATION 1 & 2: As the sky turned dark gray, the wind died down. (Focus: the wind.) As the wind died down, the sky turned dark gray. (Focus: the sky.)

What is sentence coordination? Two or more INDEPENDENT CLAUSES are equivalent or balanced. Example: The sky turned brighter, and people emerged happily from buildings. The sky turned brighter; people emerged happily from buildings.

Coordinate sentence = Compound sentence Independent Clause/Meaning Conveyed: , and , but , yet , for , or , nor , so ; addition F A N B O Y S mean contrast reason or choice a choice negative choice result or effect

Choosing a Coordination The IDEAS must be related or equivalent! Exercises 9-3/page 222

What is sentence subordination? Important idea INDEPENDENT CLAUSE Less Important Idea - Subordinate DEPENDENT CLAUSE Page 223 / 9J

The Structure of a Subordinate Sentence Start with a Dependent Clause with a subordinating conjunction OR Relative Pronoun (who, which, that) Example: If they are very lucky, the passengers may glimpse dolphins breaking water playfully near the ship. Pandas are solitary animals, which means they are difficult to protect from extinction. QUICK REFERENCE – 9.f

Types of Dependent Clauses Adverb Clause, independent clause. After the sky grew dark, the wind died suddenly. Independent Clause, Adverb Clause Birds stopped singing, as they do during an eclipse. Adverb/Adjective Clauses - Quick Reference 9.1/page 224 Exercise 9-4/page 225

Fragments w/Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions – Quick Reference 14.7. Frequently used: After Although Because Before If Unless When EXERCISE 19-4/page 388.

PRACTICE Exercise 19-4/388 Exercise 20-1/394 Exercise 20-2/396

CONJUCTIVE ADVERBS & Transitional Expressions Link ideas between sentences. A period or semicolon is required. Include words such as However Therefore Also Next Then Furthermore Nevertheless QUICK REFERENCE 14.5 CONJUCTIVE ADVERBS ARE NOT COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS!! And, but, etc – 20c3

PRACTICE 20-3/398 20-4/399