L/O: To examine ways in which we can analyze individual words. One of key concepts is Lexis – or word-choice You may know this word, or you may be more familiar with the word vocabulary. However, “lexis” has two advantages. It has an adjectival form – lexical. And it has a slightly more specific meaning than “vocabulary.” Lexis refers to “meaning” words rather than grammatical – or “glue” – words. So, “people,” “purple” are lexical; “in,” “might” are grammatical. Today, we will begin to look at lexical morphology – or, the way words, and their meanings, are built.

What could you say about the way the following words are ‘made’?  Pick  Unpick  Unpicked  Pigs  Barked  Unlikely  Motherhood  Salty  Cherry  Taller  Chairman  Hardship  Player Root word: What is left when all prefixes and suffixes are removed. Also called the base word. Root/base word: pick Prefix: Un Root/base word: pick Prefix: Un- Suffix: -ed Root/base word: pig Suffix: s (pluralisation) Compound word: word: chair; man Made up of 2 free morphemes How can we begin to analyze individual words?

Key words  Root/Base word: what is left when all affixes are removed  Morpheme: The smallest component of a word that carries meaning  Affix: Morpheme attached before or after base word to change its meaning  Prefix: Affix before a base word  Suffix: Affix after a base word  Inflectional suffix: Suffix that changes the grammar of a noun, verb, adjective  Derivational suffix: Suffix that changes the changes the word class (e.g. adjective to noun: slow – slowness.  Derivational prefix: Prefix that changes the meaning of a word – e.g. pick/unpick  Absolute/Comparative/Superlative: Many adjectives have three forms.  Tall (absolute)  Taller (comparative – “taller than…”)  Tallest (superlative – the most tall) How can we begin to analyze individual words?

Which prefixes can you think of?  Pre-  In-  Re-  Con-  De-  Un-  Pro-  Im-/In-  What do the prefixes mean?  How do prefixes change the meaning of words? How can we begin to analyze individual words?

Two types of suffix – inflectional and derivational  Inflectional suffixes are grammatical: they show how a word is being used in the sentence. They can show number:  I pick  She picks  And they can also show tense  I/We/She picked  These suffixes change the grammar, but we can use a derivational prefix to change the meaning of the words – e.g., add un- to all the above. How can we begin to analyze individual words?

 Derivational suffixes are lexical, like prefixes. They affect meaning by altering the word class. Examples are: darkness, headship, likeable. They can be used to form verbs, abstract nouns, concrete nouns, adverbs and adjectives. Try to come up with at least one example of each; or, can you think of common suffixes and explain the change of class they bring about? How can we begin to analyze individual words?

Quick quiz  What is an affix?  What are the two types of affix?  What are the two types of prefix and suffix?  Can you explain the difference between these?  Write down two-three words with prefixes. Label the base, and label the effect of the prefix.  Give two inflections of the word ‘run.’  Give two examples of the other type of suffix.  Words you might like to use: happy; speed; fragile