Chapter 7, part 1 The Axial Skeleton

Learning Objectives Identify the bones of the axial skeleton and specify their functions. Identify the bones of the cranium and face. Describe the differences between adult, child and infant skulls. Identify and describe the curvatures of the spinal column. Identify the vertebral regions and give characteristics of each. Explain the articulations between the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and sternum.

SECTION 7-1 Divisions of the Skeleton

Skeletal system includes both: Axial skeleton Skull Auditory ossicles and hyoid bone Vertebral column Thoracic cage Appendicular skeleton Pectoral and pelvic girdles Upper and lower limbs

Figure 7.1b The Axial Skeleton

SECTION 7-2 The Skull

The skull Consists of the cranium and the bones of the face The cranium encloses cranial cavity Facial bones surround and protect the entrances to the respiratory and digestive tracts Superficial landmarks include the sutures Lambdoid Coronal Sagittal Squamous

Figure 7.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull

Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull Figure 7.3a, b

Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull Figure 7.3c

Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull Figure 7.3d

Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull Figure 7.3e

Focus: The Individual Bones of the Skull Cranial Bones one occipital bone foramen magnum two parietal bones one frontal bone frontal sinuses two temporal bones auditory ossicles one sphenoid one ethmoid

Figure 7.4 The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull Figure 7.4a

Figure 7.4 The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull Figure 7.4b