The Skeletal System Kiersten Adams Marianne Fritz Heather Rawls Christian Wilson Group 1 Chapter 15 Lesson 2

Target Audience Fifth grade students Ages nine to eleven years old

Functions of the Skeletal System  Plays an important role in movement, provides a strong, stable, and mobile framework upon which the muscles act  Supports and protects your organs

Functions of the Skeletal System  The principle storage center for the body’s essential minerals  Calcium  Phosphorus  Manufactures the body’s blood cells  Red bone marrow produces millions of blood cells each day

Structure of the Skeleton  Skeletal System is divided into two main parts  Axial Skeleton: Includes the 80 bones of the skull, spine ribs and sternum (breastbone) Mainly used for protection

Structure of the Skeleton  Appendicular Skeleton: Includes the 126 bones of the shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs and feet Bones are mainly used for movement

Types of Bones  Long Bone: A bone with a greater length than width; curved for strength to hold up the body -Extremities  Short Bone: A bone that is as broad as it is long -Hands and Feet

Types of Bones  Flat Bone: Thin flat shape that protects the organs -Ribs and Skull  Irregular Bone: Uncategorized shape -Pelvis

Major Bones of the Skeleton  Skull  Vertebrae  Ribs  Humerus  Radius  Ulna  Metacarpals

Major Bones of the Skeleton  Pelvis  Femur  Tibia  Fibula  Tarsals

Cartilage  The skeletal system is made up of not only bones but cartilage, a strong, flexible connective tissue.

Cartilage  Cartilage serves many functions :  Lines the surfaces of joints and enables them to move smoothly  Cushions joining vertebrae  Supports the nose and ears

Cartilage  Cartilage cells are replaced with age by bone cells and minerals in a process called Ossification.  The process by which bone is formed, renewed and repaired

Joints  Ball-and Socket Joints: Allows the widest range of movement: backwards, forwards, sideways and circular Shoulder and Hips  Pivot Joints: Bone projection allows rotation  The point at which two bones meet First two vertebrae in the neck

Joints  Ellipsoidal Joints: Oval shaped part that fits into a curved space, allowing for all types of movement except pivotal Wrist  Hinge Joints: Allows bending, straightening, and rotating Fingers  Immoveable Joint: Does not support any type of movement Skull

Joints  Ligament: Tough bands of fibrous, slightly, elastic tissue that bind the bone ends at the joint, preventing excessive movement  Tendon: Fibrous cords that join muscle to bone other muscles

Care of the Skeletal System  Nutrition  Calcium: essential for building strong bones - Dairy Products

Care of the Skeleton System  Phosphorous: combines with calcium to give bones their firmness - Sources include: milk, peas, beans, liver, cottage cheese, broccoli, and whole grains

Care of the Skeleton System  Exercise  Regular physical activity, especially weight bearing exercise increases bone mass  Promotes better circulation of blood, increasing nourishment to your bones

Hairline Fractures: Incomplete; the bone doesn’t break into two pieces Problems of the Skeletal System

Transverse Fractures: Complete break

Problems of the Skeletal System Comminuted Fractures: Shatters bone into more than two pieces

Problems of the Skeletal System

 A condition in which bone density decreases, causing bones to become brittle and easily fractured  Women more vulnerable after menopause

Problems of the Skeletal System  Prevention: Getting ample physical exercise Eating food rich in calcium

Problems of the Skeletal System  Lateral, or side-to-side, curvature of the spine  Starts in childhood, easily seen when growing ceases  Most schools have scoliosis screening programs

Problems of the Skeletal System Treatment: Exercise Special brace Surgery