Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton Forensic Anthropology

Parts of the Skeletal System Axial skeleton –Skull, vertebral column, ribs Appendicular skeleton –Upper & lower limb bones, pectoral & pelvic girdles

Clavicle

Scapula

Costals (Ribs)

Sternum

Thoracic Cage True ribs (pairs 1 – 7) False ribs (pairs 8 – 12) Floating ribs (pairs 11 – 12) Parts of Sternum: Manubrium Body Xiphoid Process

Vertebra

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

Sternum Clavicle Scapula Costals (Ribs) Humerus Vertebra Ulna Radius

Sacrum

Sacrum & Coccyx

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

1. Sacrum 8. Coccyx 2. Ilium 3. Ischiuim 4. Pubis6. Acetabulum 7. Obturator Foramen

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Ilium Ischium Femur Fibula Sacrum Pubis Patella Tibia

Bones of the Hand

Carpels Bones of the Hand

Metacarpels Carpels Bones of the Hand

Phalanges Metacarpels Carpels Bones of the Hand

Bones of the Foot

Tarsals

Bones of the Foot Metatarsals Tarsals

Bones of the Foot Phalanges Metatarsals Tarsals

FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY The Tales that Bones Tell

Forensic Anthropology = Analysis of skeletal remains within a legal investigation Physical anthropologist = osteologist Training = BS physical anthropology MS osteology

Biological Identity (who was it?) Age Sex Previous injuries Cause of death Race Stature/weight

Approximate Age? IN CHILDREN: The cranium is much larger in relation to the face and mandible The mandible and maxilla become larger as permanent molars begin to erupt Child 4 years old

Fusing of Skull Appearance of sutures can give approximate age In infants there are large gaps which close slowly over time

Head of Femur: 19 – 20 years Part of hip: 24 years Female bones stop growing in length usually 1-2 years before male bones Epiphyseal Fusion

Other factors telling about age Bone density - drops after 40 Pelvic joint morphology- ridge detail wears out over time Dental changes

Skull & pelvis are the two most sexually dimorphic areas

Appendicular Skeleton Activity Excellent site to study: em/skeleton/menu/menu.html