Digestion In a Ruminant, monogastric Examples of Ruminant’s: Cow Sheep, Goat.

Nutrition Ingestion Digestion Absorption Assimilation Egestion

Ingestion The physical intake of food into the mouth Lips & Tongue

Digestion The physical & chemical break down of food, physically by the teeth & mechanical action of the stomach & chemically by enzymes. Digestion occurs in the mouth, the stomach & the small intestine

Digestion in the Mouth Cows & sheep move their jaws in round circular grinding action. Salivary Glands- produce saliva to break down starch to maltose 100 Litres/Day saliva Cattle

DENTAL FORMULAs Cow & Sheep I(0/4), C (0/0), P (3/3), M (3/3) PIG I(3/3), C (1/1), P (4/4), M (3/3) 0033 4033 3143

Chemical Digestion in the mouth

Digestion Mouth Oesophagus/Food pipe- PERISALYSIS is the muscular wave like action that moves food along the alimentary canal.

Ruminants Stomach 4 Compartments Rumen Reticulum Omasum Abomasum

Draw this

THE RUMEN Largest Compartment Contains Millions of Micro– organisms to break down cellulose The bacteria in the rumen release enzymes which break down the cellulose, they also make protein. Make vitamin K Amino Acids are made Symbiotic Relationship. Both benefit from existing

THE RETICULUM Honey Combed Chew the cud- repeated regurgitation & chewing of the contents of the rumen. Returns to mouth Collects Pebbles, etc that were accidentally swallowed Mastication Cud is reswallowed and enters the omasum

The OMASUM Spherical Book Presses & squeezes the food which helps the physical digestion of food. Water is reabsorbed & the solid part is passed into the abomasum

ABOMASUM True Stomach Gastric juice HCL- kills bacteria Digestive enzymes – Pepsinogen breaks -proteins to peptides Rennin- digests milk protein- important in calves Mucus to prevent self digestion

The Small Intestine Duodenum, Jejunum ileum, The semi –digested food now leaves the stomach by the pyloric sphincter muscle into the small intestine –the duodenum. Bile & pancreatic juice is added here Liver secretes Bile (ph8) breaks down fat & neutralizes the acid from the stomach Pancreatic juice – amylase, lipase (fats to fatty acids, trypsin (proteins to peptides) Intestinal juices (final digestion – sucrase, lactase (glucose and galactose, maltase (maltose –glucose)

Absorption Small intestine has villi These increase the surface area for absorption. Rich supply of blood vessels Lacteal – capillaries of the lymphatic system Fatty acids are absorbed into lacteals- reconvert into lipids Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, salts water are absorbed into the capillaries in the villi

Large Intestine Colon reabsorbs water Diarrhoea Constipation Caecum Appendix Colon Rectum Anus

Egestion Removal of waste Removes unabsorbed material Stored in rectum Eliminated as Faeces Defecation through the anus

The Liver-Its Functions Makes RBC’s Regulates body Temperature Produces bile Detoxifies the body Deamination Stores vitamins Controls lipid levels by sending excess lipids to adipose tissue as storage Controls blood sugar levels

Monogastric Stomach In humans and pigs cellulose is called Roughage! Cannot be digested

Diet of Monogastric v Ruminant Non-roughage Balanced ration – high protein, vitamin A, D & minerals (iron) Wide variety of materials in ration to make up concentrated ration Ruminant Roughage Grazed out doors- grass- high quality grass =complete food Less variety of materials in ration

Calf Digestive System Must be fed colostrum-defence At birth, the calf's digestion system is not yet developed. Of the four compartments, only the abomasum functions The calf is therefore dependent on milk as a nutrient source. From its third week, the calf should be fed solid feed, i.e. concentrates, hay and silage. The calf should also have access to clean water 24 hours a day. As soon as the calf is eating regularly, the milk ration can gradually be reduced. If the milk ration is reduced slowly, and solid feeds are fed together with clean water, the calf will steadily develop into a ruminant.

Feeding Calves to Develop Stomach

Calf Digestion V Adult Digestion Milk Colostrum Hay pencils More protein Ration Bacteria for rumen Minerals Vitamins O Grass, hay/silage Less prptein Cellulose High quality/high Minerals No vitamins

Digestive Tract of Chicken Mouth/Beak gather and break down feed (no teeth Oesophagus tube from mouth to stomach that is open at the mouth end Crop Stores Food and moistening Proventriculus Secretes Digestive Juices (HCI and gastric juices); enzymatic

Gizzard Large Intestine Small Intestine bacterial activity muscular stomach; mechanical breakdown (grinds food). Contains gravel, grit which along with the muscles grinds up food. Small Intestine enzymatic digestion and absorption Functions of the small intestine: digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; absorption of the end products of digestion Enzymes in the small intestine Large Intestine bacterial activity water absorption waste storage 25-30 eliminations a day due to high metabolism.

Digestion in a horse Herbivores Hind gut fermenters Monogastric So is the rabbit... (Coprophagy) To digest cellulose.. They have long intestines and micro organisms in their hind gut. Large intestine and appendix is very important to digest cellulose They use micro organisms in their caecum to ferment and digest cellulose

Layout on his back Open digestive cavity By making cuts Display Dissection of a RABBIT Layout on his back Open digestive cavity By making cuts Display