Gentle Intro to Semiconductors ENGN/PHYS 207. The ubiquitous LED.

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Presentation transcript:

Gentle Intro to Semiconductors ENGN/PHYS 207

The ubiquitous LED

Collection of diodes

Diode = electronic valve Forward bias: Current flows!Reverse bias: No current flow!

The Silicon Valley

Warm-up question(s) What does it mean for a material to be able to “conduct” electricity?

Pure silicon lattice (intrinsic semiconductor) 2D lattice model showing covalent bonds in Si crystal

Band Theory of Solids Quantum Mechanics: Energy levels occupied by electrons are discrete. Amphitheatre analogy Aspendos Theatre, Turkey Conduction Band Band gap Valence Band

Energy Level Diagrams

Electron-Hole Pairs (EHPs)

Wait—what’s a hole? Vacancy in the valence band Acts like mobile positive charge An electron can fall into a hole (Recombination)

Important Fact Thermal energy to move and shake around a lattice at (T = 300K) kT = 1/40 eV = eV

Why pure silicon isn’t so hot Large energy barrier!

Let’s dope up (?) III (extra hole) IV V (extra e - ) Group Number

That’s dope: N and P type N-type: Extra electrons P-type: Extra holes Dopant electrons and holes are mobile Nuclei locked in the lattice, they are NOT mobile.

Why doping is actually good for us N-type : easily donates electrons into conduction band P-type: easily accepts electrons into valence band

The PN junction

The Diode Equation VBVB I

Silicon Diodes as Rectifiers “Electronic Valve” action Current can essentially flow in one direction only Reverse biasForward bias 0.7 V

Let there be Light…

Rainbow of Fruit Flavors

Idealized LED turn-on voltages V F (volts) I (mA) 1.8V 3.5V 3.6V

A bright idea—2014 Nobel prize for the blue LED Isamu Akasaki Hiroshi Amano Shuji Nakamura

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