DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey The Case of the Gediz River in Turkey SMART Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone 5–6 January 2003 Cairo,EGYPT

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey INTRODUCTION Current Issue: sustainable management of water short basins Case: Gediz River Basin in Turkey   hydrology   water use patterns   legal, institutional, environmental factors

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey Gediz Basin Izmir Istanbul Population: 65M (65% Urban) Growth: 1.5% (rural – 0.7%) GDP:Agriculture 15% (45% employment) Industry 23% Services 62%

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey : GEDIZ BASIN: trend from a water rich basin to one that is closing due to:   Drought of   Above average increase in urban and industrial demand (COMPETITION FOR WATER)   Issues of water quality and environmental protection (concerns for the wetland)   Slower institutional response in water allocation and management

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey IMPORTANT ISSUES:   The increasingly apparent need for a unified coordinating mechanism for allocating water among various uses to replace existing bilateral processes.   The continuing struggle between older long-established institutions dealing with water resource development and water allocation and emerging institutions concerned primarily with water quality and environmental issues.

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey   The need to represent and protect the interests of certain water users, such as the Gediz Delta ecology and the Irrigation Associations.   The need for clear rules assigning responsibility for setting water quality and quantity standards and monitoring actual conditions and for sufficient political power and will to sanction violators of the standards. IMPORTANT ISSUES:

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey The Current Status of the Basin Major Problems   little new water available for allocation   the institutional set-up is not yet fully developed   both surface and groundwater use are largely unregulated   groundwater extraction is growing rapidly in response to urban and, particularly, industrial demand

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey   there is no functional system of allocating rights to either surface or ground water   deteriorating water quality in the Gediz and its tributaries resulting from urban and industrial wastewater discharges and, to a lesser extent, agricultural return flows. The Current Status of the Basin Major Problems

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey Institutional Framework   two public agencies responsible for in- stream and wastewater quality monitoring, but with no enforcement powers   the provincial governor has the enforcement power

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey   compartmentalized responsibilities for basin planning and monitoring   limited coordination among the responsible units is limited   severe imbalance in power among the various involved parties – industry, municipalities, agriculture, and the environment. Institutional Framework

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey Solutions require:   systematizing water rights   developing coordinating mechanisms among managers,   involving the private sector in wastewater treatment,   and the emergence of an effective NGO- based advocacy for environmental concerns in the basin.

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey Water Resources   typically Mediterranean   after the irrigation season, flows only from the few larger tributaries plus residual return flows from irrigated areas and industrial and municipal wastewater discharges to the river   net annual surface water availability : 1,900 million cubic meters per year (before drought)   after drought: 940 million cubic meters per year Hydrology:

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey   current demand: 660 million cubic meters per year   : declining year-to-year water tables   safe annual yield for groundwater in the main part of the valley and Nif valley: 160 million cubic meters (less than 219 million cubic meters estimated as being extracted)   groundwater use exceeds, by the sustainable limit Water Resources : Hydrology:

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey CHANGING PATTERNS OF DEMAND NON-AGRICULTURAL DEMAND   high increases   higher than average growth rate: in-migration   growth of domestic demand: 2-3% per year   growth of industrial demand: 10% per year   domestic and industrial demand met by groundwater   growing concern for water quality

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey CHANGING PATTERNS OF DEMAND IRRIGATION  drought effects on changing demand  rice replaced by cotton  increase in grapes and fruits (reduced demand for irrigation water)  total irrigation deliveries: 70% of the pre-drought situation

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey Basin Water Use largest user: irrigated agriculture total command area: ha water use: 550 million m 3 /y ha of irrigated land: pump-based

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey MUNICIPAL AND URBAN USE   towns and villages in the basin   diversions to Izmir (no return flow)   no accurate records on total water extractions   all municipal extractions: groundwater: 130 million cubic meters per year

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey   all industrial extractions: groundwater   no accurate records   bird sanctuary: RAMSAR site   since 1990, the reserve suffers from water shortages (summer months)   water required for waste conveyance from within Basin to the sea MUNICIPAL AND URBAN USE

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey Estimated Water Use by Sector

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey Review of Physical Conditions   total withdrawals: 660 MCM   83% of that going to large-scale irrigation systems   inadequate allocation for wetlands   no hydroelectric power generation after the drought

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey   increasing water pollution (urban and municipal demand increasing 6-8% per year)   16% of groundwater used for irrigation; majorly for domestic and industrial use   pressure on aquifers (quantity and quality)   additional allocations for waste load transport and dilution. Review of Physical Conditions

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey Key actors and essential basin management functions in the Gediz Basin

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey LEGAL, POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT   11 essential functions   limited planning at basin level   no integrated plan to consider both surface and groundwater   water allocation by independently operating agencies (DSI, private surface and groundwater irrigators, industries)   no national legal framework for surface water rights

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey   both surface and groundwater are open access resources   water quality monitoring exists but information is not available in useful forms   only the provincial governor has enforcement on wastewater discharges   no attention paid to agricultural return flows   agricultural drainage infrastructure inadequately maintained   NGOs have no role in performing essential functions LEGAL, POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS Poor Surface Water Quality.   weak enforcement,   weak coordination among involved agencies,   limited availability of data,   haphazard monitoring of wastewater discharges,   inadequate funding for wastewater treatment plants, and   limited public awareness of the problem.

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey Unknown Groundwater Quality. groundwater quality monitoring is not widespread Loosely-controlled Allocation Among Users.   inadequate representation of user interests,   inadequate specification of water needs,   ineffective reporting and record keeping. SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey Long-Term Problems.   require more fundamental changes in laws, policies, institutions, and practices.   Rudimentary Water Rights System,   Lack of integrated planning. SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey STRENGTHS TO BUILD ON   presence of DSI   water quality is serious but not yet catastrophic proportions   recognition of different actors for solution of water quality problems

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey   recognition of multiple dimensions to water resource management problems – different disciplines, different interests, different uses, ground and surface water, quantity and quality, and so on.   a new water law under consideration STRENGTHS TO BUILD ON

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey CHALLENGES   systematize water rights;   build representational presence and political muscle;   develop coordinating mechanisms such as a basin authority; and   involve the private sector.