Early African Societies & The Bantu Migrations (2) Early Agricultural Society in Africa Climatic Change & the Development of Agriculture Early Sudanic Agriculture Climatic Change The Nile River Valley The Nile Valley HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Early African Societies Early Agricultural Society in Africa Egypt and Nubia: “Gifts of the Nile” Early Agriculture in the Nile Valley Political Organization The Nile Valley, 3000-2000 B.C.E. HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Early African Societies The Unification of Egypt The Archaic Period & the Old Kingdom Relations Between Egypt & Nubia The Early Kingdom of Kush The Narmer Palatte HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

First Old Kingdom Pyramid, step Pyramid of Djoser ~ Saqqara HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Pyramid of Khufu ~ The Great Pyramid HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Original Entrance Shaft Forced Entrance Tunnel NO Climbing sign HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

The Great Sphinx ~ Old Kingdom Guard Sphinx ~ 240 ‘ long, 66 ‘ high HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Early African Societies Sources From The Past: Harkhuf’s Expedition to Nubia “The majesty of [Pharoah] Mernere, my lord, sent me together with my father. . .to [the Nubian kingdom] of Yam to open the way to that country. I did it in seven months; I brought from it all kinds of beautiful and rare gifts, and was praised for it greatly…” HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Early African Societies Sources From The Past: Harkhuf’s Expeditions to Nubia “When you arrive at the residence and this pygmy is with you live, hale and healthy, my majesty will do great things for you, more than was done for the [royal official] Bawerded in the time pf King Isesi, in accordance with my majesty’s wish to see this pygmy.” HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Early African Societies Imperial Egypt Turmoil & Empire The Middle Kingdom The Hyksos The New Kingdom Egyptian Imperialism The Revived Kingdom of Kush Imperial Egypt, 1400 B.C.E. HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Early African Societies The Formation of Complex Societies and Sophisticated Cultural Traditions The Emergence of Cities and Stratified Societies Cities of the Nile Valley Social Classes Patriarchal Society Imperial Egypt, 1400 B.C.E. HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Early African Societies The Formation of Complex Societies and Sophisticated Cultural Traditions Economic Specialization and Trade Bronze Metallurgy Iron Metallurgy Transportation Trade Networks Imperial Egypt, 1400 B.C.E. HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Early African Societies The Formation of Complex Societies and Sophisticated Cultural Traditions Early Writing in the Nile Valley Hieroglyphic Writing Education Meroitic Writing Imperial Egypt, 1400 B.C.E. HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Hieroglyphs “Sacred Writings” Preserved on papyrus, made from reeds Simplified form: hieratic script, 2600 BCE-600 CE Rosetta Stone, discovered 1799 Hieroglyphs Demotic (“popular”) Greek Pictographs Meroitic language recorded in alphabet after 5th century BCE Rosetta stone HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

The New Kingdom Few pyramids, but major monumental architectural projects Engaged in empire-building to protect against foreign invasion Local resistance drives Egypt out of Nubia Kingdom of Kush revives c. 1100 BCE Invasions of Kushites, Assyrians destroy Egypt mid 6th century BCE HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Egyptian Urban Culture Major cities along Nile river, especially at delta Memphis c. 3100 BCE, Heliopolis c. 2900 BCE Nubian cities include Kerma, Napata, Meroë Located at cataracts of the Nile Well-defined social classes Pharaohs to slaves Archaeological discoveries in Nubia also support class-based society Patriarchal societies, notable exceptions: female Pharaoh Hatshepsut (r. 1473-1458 BCE) HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Pharaoh (Queen) Hatshepsut – Temple of Dayr al-Bahri ~ West Bank, Luxor HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Economic Specialization Bronze metallurgy introduced late, with Hyksos invasion Development of iron early, c. 900 BCE Trade along Nile river More difficult in Nubia due to cataracts Sea trade in Mediterranean HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Early African Societies The Formation of Complex Societies & Sophisticated Cultural Traditions The Development of Organized Religious Traditions Amon & Re Aten & Monotheism religious turmoil Amarna Heresy Amenhotep III Amenhotep IV - Akhenaten Mummification Cult of Osiris Nubian Religious Beliefs Temple to Amon ~ Karnak HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Temple of Karnak ~ Thebes (modern Luxor) HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Temple of Karnak ~ Thebes (modern Luxor) HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Temple of Karnak ~ Thebes (modern Luxor) HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Temple of Karnak ~ Thebes (modern Luxor) HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Temple of Karnak, early 20th c HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Temple of Karnak, early 20th c HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Temple of Karnak, early 20th c HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

New Kingdom -Colossi of Memnon, Pharaoh Amenhotep III – 14th c BCE HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Akhenaten Nefertiti Akhenaten HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Tutankhamen HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Tutankhamen HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Abu Simbel – Temple of Ramses beloved of Amun, 1244 BCE Nubia HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture Family on road to Saqqara HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture School girls at Citadel ~ Cairo HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller School boys at Citadel ~ Cairo

Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture Citadel ~ Cairo HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture Globalism ~ Cairo HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Early African Societies & the Bantu Migrations Bantu Migrations & Early Agricultural Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa The Dynamics of Bantu Expansion The Bantu Bantu Migrations Iron & Migration The Bantu Migrations, 2000 B.C.E. – 1000 C.E. HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Early African Societies & the Bantu Migrations Bantu Migrations & Early Agricultural Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa Bantu Religion ~ early monotheism Deistic views as well Prayers to intercessors, e.g. ancestor spirits Great variations among populations Migrations Migration throughout sub-Saharan regions Population pressures Bantu language Over 500 variations of original 90 million speakers By 1000 BCE, occupied most of Africa south of the equator HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller

Key Words & Terms (2) Nile River Valley Egyptians Nubians Menes (Unification of Egypt) Old/Middle/New Kingdom Amon, Amon-Re, Aten hieroglyphic writing Papyrus Mummification Cult of Osiris The Hyksos Kingdom of Kush Hatshepsut Hyksos Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) Amarna heresy The Bantu ~ migration HIST2321 Dr. C. Keller