SOLUBILITY AND DISTRIBUTION. Molecular Interactions Ionic interactions Dipole-dipole interactions Induced dipoles Hydrogen bond + - -+-+ +-+- + -

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Presentation transcript:

SOLUBILITY AND DISTRIBUTION

Molecular Interactions Ionic interactions Dipole-dipole interactions Induced dipoles Hydrogen bond

Water Miscibility Solvents with relatively high polarity are miscible in water (e.g. acetic acid, ethanol, dioxane, DMSO). Solvent with low polarity or non-polar are water-immiscible (hexane, petroleum ether) Ask your advisor for the Solvent Miscibility Table Ask your advisor for the Solvent Miscibility Table

Solvent - Solute Interactions Polar solvents (e.g., water): (1) owing to high dielectric constant reduce ionic attraction between oppositely charged ions in crystals; (2) break covalent bonds of strong electrolytes resulting in dissociation; (3) solvate molecules through dipole interaction forces (particularly, hydrogen bond). Nonpolar solvents (e.g. hydrocarbons): dissolve nonpolar compounds through induced dipole interactions. Semipolar solvents (ketones, alcohols): can induce polarity in nonpolar solvent molecules (co-solvents).

Solvent Polarity

Liquid-Liquid Systems Miscibility: polar and semipolar solvents (e.g. water and alcohol, glycerin and alcohol, alcohol and acetone) are completely miscible in all proportions. Partial miscibility: With certain proportions two liquid layers are formed (e.g., water-ether, phenol-water) Miscibility is characterized by the phase diagram. A 100% A 100% B 100% C B C Miscible LPS

Effects on Solubility Pressure: increases solubility of gases (Henry’s law: P B = P B o.  A x B ) Temperature: solubilty of most gases decreases, solubility of liquids and solids may be affected both ways Co-solvents: increase solubility by changing the solvent polarity. Salting out: elaboration of gases from solutions by electrolytes (NaCl) and highly polar nonelectrolytes (glucose)

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Even More Drugs Ibuprofen (Advil) Lavimudine (3TC) Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) Retinol (Vitamin A) Vitamin B 12

Solubility of Acids/Bases HA sold = HA solution HA solution + H 2 O = H 3 O + + A - [HA solution ] = s o ; Solubility: s = s o + [A - ] s soso pKapKa 2so2so pH