Chapter 17 Section 3 aqueous solution- water sample containing dissolved substances solvent- dissolving medium, what does the dissolving *water is known.

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Chapter 17 Section 3 aqueous solution- water sample containing dissolved substances solvent- dissolving medium, what does the dissolving *water is known as the universal solvent solute- what is being dissolved ex- water and Kool-Aid mix

-solutions are homogeneous mixtures- -the same throughout, uniform in composition, cannot pick out individual pieces -solute particles in a solution are small→ ≈1nm solvation- process that occurs when a solute dissolves, solute particles become surrounded by solvent page 483 figure 17.12

-some substances are insoluble- not able to be dissolved -this is b/c their attractions are stronger than water -Why does oil not dissolve in water? -because polar molecules only dissolve other polar molecules, nonpolar only dissolve nonpolar -“like dissolves like”

electrolyte- conducts an electric current in aqueous solution or the molten state -ionic compounds are electrolytes weak electrolyte- when in solution only a fraction of the solute exists as ions strong electrolyte- when dissolved almost all of the solute exists as separate ions -chart page 485 nonelectrolyte- do not conduct an electric current in aqueous or molten state

-water molecules are an integral part of the crystal structure of substances water of hydration- the water in a crystal hydrate- compound that contains water of hydration -written as: CuSO 4 · 5H 2 O -prefixes are used to name

1hydrate 2dihydrate 3trihydrate 4tetrahydrate 5pentahydrate 6hexahydrate 7heptahydrate 8octahydrate 9nonahydrate 10decahydrate

-back to example: CuSO 4 · 5H 2 O -copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate -if a hydrate is heated it may change color b/c the water is removed anhydrous- without water effloresce- losing water of hydration -occurs if vapor pressure of hydrate is higher than vapor pressure of water vapor in air

hygroscopic- salts and other compounds that remove moisture from the air desiccant- hygroscopic substances used as drying agents ex- packets found in shoe boxes, beef jerky -some compounds are so hygroscopic that they become wet when exposed to moist air deliquescent compounds- remove water from air to dissolve completely and form solutions ex- NaOH

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