TRAUMATOLOGY FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS Lecture:

Trauma Trauma is influence on the organism of outward agents (mechanic, thermal, electric, ray, psychical and oth.), which provoked the anatomical and functional breaches in the organs and tissues, which are accompanied by local and general reaction of organism. Trauma is influence on the organism of outward agents (mechanic, thermal, electric, ray, psychical and oth.), which provoked the anatomical and functional breaches in the organs and tissues, which are accompanied by local and general reaction of organism.

Types of traumatism Traumas of unindustrial character: Traumas of unindustrial character: a) transport traumas (railway, car, tram); b) everyday; c) sporting; d) others (traumas, which received as a result of natural catastrophes). Traumas of industrial character (manufactural and agricultural). Traumas of industrial character (manufactural and agricultural). Intentional traumas (battle traumas, ill-intentioned attacks, attempt of suicide). Intentional traumas (battle traumas, ill-intentioned attacks, attempt of suicide).

Traumas are divided on: mechanic; mechanic; chemical; chemical; electric; electric; x-ray; x-ray; psychical; psychical; operational; operational; and others by a type provoked the damage agent. and others by a type provoked the damage agent.

The dividing of traumas by character of damage is very important - there are distinguished the open and closed traumas. The dividing of traumas by character of damage is very important - there are distinguished the open and closed traumas.

Peculiarities of examinations of traumatological patients the outward look of damaged place not always corresponds to the seriousness of damage; the outward look of damaged place not always corresponds to the seriousness of damage; not always the trauma, symptoms of which are obvious, is threating for human life, the diagnostic of plurality traumas is especially hard in patients, which are unconscious, in a state of serious shock or alcoholic intoxication; not always the trauma, symptoms of which are obvious, is threating for human life, the diagnostic of plurality traumas is especially hard in patients, which are unconscious, in a state of serious shock or alcoholic intoxication; the serious general phenomena (shock, acute anemia, traumatic toxicosis) can to conceal traumas. It is necessary to estimate them rightly and render the proper help. the serious general phenomena (shock, acute anemia, traumatic toxicosis) can to conceal traumas. It is necessary to estimate them rightly and render the proper help.

Fractures A fracture is a structural break in the normal continuity of bone. This structural break, and hence fracture, may also occur through cartilage, epiphysis and epiphysal plate. A fracture is a structural break in the normal continuity of bone. This structural break, and hence fracture, may also occur through cartilage, epiphysis and epiphysal plate.

Classification of fractures open and closed; open and closed; traumatic and pathological; traumatic and pathological;

Classification of fractures By the direct blow - is transversal fracture, fracture with a dislocation of peripheral osseous piece; By the direct blow - is transversal fracture, fracture with a dislocation of peripheral osseous piece;

Classification of fractures By localization the damages are divided: epiphysial fractures are unfavourable for the processes of consolidation and quite often accompanied by dislocation of osseous piece of a joint, which is hamper the comparison and fixation of osseous parts. epiphysial fractures are unfavourable for the processes of consolidation and quite often accompanied by dislocation of osseous piece of a joint, which is hamper the comparison and fixation of osseous parts. metaphyseal - are the damages of a spongy part of bone. The important symptoms of a fracture (crepitation, abnormal mobility and others) are absent quite often by such fractures. metaphyseal - are the damages of a spongy part of bone. The important symptoms of a fracture (crepitation, abnormal mobility and others) are absent quite often by such fractures. diaphyseal - the important symptoms of a fracture (crepitation, abnormal mobility and others) are present quite often. diaphyseal - the important symptoms of a fracture (crepitation, abnormal mobility and others) are present quite often.

Classification of fractures The fractures are divided on transversal, oblique, longitudinal, spiral, splintered. The fractures are divided on transversal, oblique, longitudinal, spiral, splintered. There are total and incomplete fractures. There are total and incomplete fractures. There are simple, complex and combined fractures. There are simple, complex and combined fractures. There are single and plural fractures. There are single and plural fractures.

Clinical symptoms of fracture

Fractures of the bones

Both antebrachial bones fractures

The conservative treatment of fracture

Dislocation A dislocation is a total disruption of a joint with partial remaining, but abnormal, contact between the articulating surfaces. A dislocation is a total disruption of a joint with partial remaining, but abnormal, contact between the articulating surfaces.

Reducing humeral dislocation by Kocher’s method