New innovations in structure and skin combined with developments in computer imaging, analysis and fabrication have made it possible for architects to push the form of the tall building in ever more sculptural directions. The result is that the expressive possibilities have moved so far as to make the Chicago Frame, the original liberator of the architecture, appear more a corset. Sculptural Form

Such explorations often take several forms: Whimsical or Sensual Form A Reinterpretation of Structural Expressionism Inversion Sculptural Form

Whimsical or Sensual Form

5 th Avenue and 42 nd Street Tower, NY NY, Steven Holl

5 th Ave. & 42 nd St., NY NY Steven Holl

New York Times Headquarters, NY NY, Frank Gehry & David Childs

The Absolute Condominium, Mississauga, Canada Yansong Ma, MAD

Structural Expressionism The architect engineer Santiago Calatrava has always been interested in blurring the lines between his interests in engineering, architecture and sculpture. In two tall building projects he reopens the idea of structural expressionism but this time fused with his own sense of sculptural balance and aesthetic poise. As in many of his works the projects began as sculptures.

Turning Torso, Apartment and Office Tower, Malmo Sweden, Santiago Calatrava, 2005

80 South Street, New York, NY, Santiago Calatrava

Inversion In some case the experimental form literally folds back upon itself completely disrupting the idea of tower as form creating a new powerful paradigm Isamu Noguchi Energy

CCTV, Beijing, China, Office for Metropolitan Architecture

Max Reinhardt Haus, Berlin, Germany, Peter Eisenman, 1991