 Economic system produces “problem populations”  Marx: MP  RP  “superstructure” ◦ Family, religion, education, the state  Law ◦ Reproduce & Legitimate  “Contradictions” ◦ Reduce labor cost ◦ Labor also consumer

 Who is deviant? ◦ Threats to economic system ◦ State involvement ◦ Size and threat of group ◦ Degree of organization of group ◦ Can traditional "reproduction" help? ◦ Alternatives available ◦ Other/additional uses

 Steven Spitzer ◦ Two problem populations  Social “junk”  Social “dynamite” ◦ Two means of control  Administrative  Criminal/Legal

Not Troublesome, Not Needed (Social “Junk”) Not Troublesome, Not Needed (Social “Junk”) Do not, will not, cannot contribute Do not, will not, cannot contribute Poor, elderly, impaired Poor, elderly, impaired Expensive, harmless Expensive, harmless Administrative Control Administrative Control Troublesome, Not Needed (“Social Dynamite”) Troublesome, Not Needed (“Social Dynamite”) Excluded from system Excluded from system Unemployed, young, laid off Unemployed, young, laid off Expensive, dangerous Expensive, dangerous Legal Control Legal Control

 Alternatives to state control ◦ Do nothing ◦ Conversion ◦ Geographical segregation ◦ Unofficial tolerance of organized crime ◦ Privatization

 Problems ◦ Overstates class conflict ◦ Conspiracy mentality  Strengths ◦ Expands range of considerations ◦ Forces debate

 Important Considerations ◦ Cause and Nature of Deviance: economic system  vs. "deviants"  Social control (like labeling) is a problem ◦ Solution = change economic system