Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Chemistry FIFTH EDITION by Steven S. Zumdahl University of Illinois

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2 Chemistry FIFTH EDITION Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3 Figure 9.1 (a) Lewis Structure (b) Tetrahedral Molecular Geometry of the Methane Molecule

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4 Figure 9.2 The Valence Orbitals on a Free Carbon Atom: 2s, 2p x, 2p y, and 2p z

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 5 Figure 9.3 The Formation of sp 3 Hybrid Orbitals

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 6 Figure 9.4 Cross Section of an sp 3 Orbital

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 7 Figure 9.5 An Energy-Level Diagram Showing the Formation of Four sp 3 Orbitals

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 Figure 9.6 Tetrahedral Set of Four sp 3 Orbitals

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 9 Figure 9.7 The Nitrogen Atom in Ammonia is sp 3 Hybridized

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 10 Figure 9.8 The Hybridization of the s, p x, and p y Atomic Orbitals

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11 Figure 9.9 An Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for sp 2 Hybridization

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 Figure 9.10 An sp 2 Hybridized C Atom

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13 Figure 9.11 The  Bonds in Ethylene

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14 Figure 9.12 Sigma and Pi Bonding

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15 Figure 9.13 The Orbitals for C 2 H 4

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16 Figure 9.14 When One s Orbital and One p Orbital are Hybridized, a Set of Two sp Orbitals Oriented at 180 Degrees Results

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17 Figure 9.15 The Hybrid Orbitals in the CO 2 Molecule

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18 Figure 9.16 The Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for the Formation of sp Hybrid Orbitals on Carbon

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 19 Figure 9.17 The Orbitals of an sp Hybridized Carbon Atom

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 20 Figure 9.18 The Orbital Arrangement for an sp 2 Hybridized Oxygen Atom

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 21 Figure 9.19 The Orbitals for CO 2

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22 Figure 9.20 The Orbitals for N 2

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 23 Figure 9.21 A Set of dsp 3 Hybrid Orbitals on a Phosphorus Atom

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 24 Figure 9.22 (a) The Structure of the PCI 5 Molecule (b) The Orbitals Used to Form the Bonds in PCI 5

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 25 Figure 9.23 An Octahedral Set of d 2 sp 3 Orbitals on a Sulfur Atom

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 26 Figure 9.24 The Relationship of the Number of Effective Pairs, Their Spatial Arrangement, and the Hybrid Orbital Set Required

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 27 Figure 9.25 The Combination of Hydrogen 1s Atomic Orbitals to Form Molecular Orbitals

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 28 Figure 9.26 The Molecular Orbitals for H 2

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 29 Figure 9.27 Bonding and Antibonding Molecular Orbitals (MOs)

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 30 Figure 9.28 The Molecular Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for the H 2 Molecule

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 31 Figure 9.29 The Molecular Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for the H 2 - Ion

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 32 Figure 9.30 The Molecular Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for the He 2 Molecule

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 33 Figure 9.31 The Relative Sizes of the Lithium 1s and 2s Atomic Orbitals

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 34 Figure 9.32 The Molecular Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for the Li 2 Molecule

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 35 Figure 9.34 The Molecular Orbitals from p Atomic Orbitals

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 36 Figure 9.35 The Expected Molecular Orbital Energy-Level Diagram Resulting from the Combination of the 2p Orbitals on Two Boron Atoms

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 37 Figure 9.36 The Expected Molecular Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for the B 2 Molecule

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 38 Figure 9.37 Diagram of the Kind of Apparatus Used to Measure the Paramagnetism of a Sample

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 39 Figure 9.38 The Correct Molecular Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for the B 2 Molecule

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 40 Figure 9.39 Molecular Orbital Summary of Second Row Diatomics

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 41 Figure 9.41 The Molecule Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for the NO Molecule

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 42 Figure 9.42 The Molecular Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for Both the NO + and CN - Ions

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 43 Figure 9.43 A Partial Molecular Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for the HF Molecule

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 44 Figure 9.44 The Electron Probability Distribution in the Bonding Molecular Orbital of the HF Molecule

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 45 Figure 9.45 The Resonance Structures for O 3 and NO 3 -

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 46 Figure 9.46 A Benzene Ring

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 47 Figure 9.47 The Sigma System for Benzene

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 48 Figure 9.48 The Pi System for Benzene

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 49 Figure 9.49 The NO 3 - Ion