Cell Biology 5 - Cell membrane Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room ,

Clinical case Patient : cat, domestic short hair, neutered male, 5 years old Presenting signs and complaints : lethargy and not eating for 3 days. Physical examination : cat is depressed; normal temperature, pulse, and respiration; abdomen doughy, suggestive of some fluid. Cat was hospitalized. Problem list : Depression, Anorexia, Possible ascites

Hematogram Neutropenia with a marked left shift and toxic neutrophils is compatible with a degenerative shift and probably associated with septic exudate in the abdomen which, because of the excessive demand, results in depletion of the marrow storage and maturation pools.

Hematogram This is in contrast to Case 1 in which there was also a septic condition, but the neutropenia was caused by bone marrow dysplasia resulting from FeLV infection. The presence of a degenerative left shift aids in differentiating between neutropenia caused by excessive tissue demand and ineffective myelopoiesis.

Hematogram The slight thrombocytopenia is probably a result of an endotoxemia causing increased vscular margination. Hyperfibrinogenemia is compatible with the inflammatory process.

Diagnosis The patient was taken to surgery for a laparotomy, and a small rupture in the duodenum was found leaking intestinal contents into the abdomen. A reason for the rupture of the viscus was not apparent. The defect was repaired, and the cat made an uneventful recovery.

Cell membrane

Membrane protein  Integral membrane proteins  Tripartite single-pass transmembrane proteins ; glycophorin A (RBC) - unknown  Multiple α-helical passes transmembrane proteins ; band3 – anion exchange protein (HCO 3- vs Cl - )  The protein itself is not embedded in the membrane; it is covalently linked to a fatty acid chain (most frequently myristic acid) or by sugar to phosphatidylinositol, that are embeded in the hydrophobic core.

Membrane protein  Peripheral membrane proteins  By ionic interactions with an integral membrane protein (or another peripheral membrane protein) or by interaction with the polar head groups of the phospholipids  Spectrin – structural protein found on the cytoplasmic surface of the erythrocyte and is attached to ankyrin.

Integral and peripheral Detergent – disrupt the membrane - integral By shifting the ionic strength or pH of aqueous solution - dissociation of the ionic interaction of the peripheral protein with either phospholipid polar head groups or other membrane proteins– peripheral

Figure 2-5. Integral and peripheral membrane proteins

Freeze-fracture electron microscopy (Fig 2-6) A biological membrane is rapidly frozen (to ℃ ) and fractured with a cold knife. Because the plane between the bilayer leaflets is held together by weak van der Waals forces, it tends to be the fracture plane. 2 face –E face – concave leaflet 凹 – extracellular face –P face – convex leaflet 凸 – protoplasmic face

Freeze-fracture electron microscopy (Fig 2-6) 7.5nm diameter intramembranous particles (IMPs) – hydrophobic domains of the multipass transmembrane protein band 3. There are more IMPs on the P face than the E face. Band 3 is associated with the spectrin membrane skeleton on the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. Therefore, most of band3 molecules are pulled by the spectrin skeleton into the p face.

Protein and lipids are asymmetrically distributed across biological membranes Sugar –The carbohydrate portion of glycoproteins and glycolipids have an asymmetric distribution across biological membranes. –The sugar residues are almost always founds on the noncytoplasmic side of the membrane.  outside the cell and within lumen(organelles)

A PLASMA MEMBRANE Integral protein Devlin Fig

Protein and lipids are asymmetrically distributed across biological membranes Protein –Spectrin is always associated with the inner cytoplasmic leaflet of the erythrocyte membrane. –Glycophorin A always has its NH2-terminal domain within the cytoplasm. –Proteins cannot flip-flop from one leaflet of the bilayer to the other, so their asymmetry is absolute.

Protein and lipids are asymmetrically distributed across biological membranes Lipids –Outer leaflet – choline containing lipids ; phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. –Inner leaflet – amine containing phopholipids ; phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine. –Phospholipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and their asymmetry is established by specific translocating enzymes within this memrbane. –Cholesterol can readily flip-flop and can move across the bilayer.

Protein and lipids are asymmetrically distributed across biological membranes What is the significance of the asymmetric distribution? Answer : It allows the two sides of membrane to be functionally distinct.

Biological memrbanes are fluid, but that does not mean that every membrane macromolecule is mobile Membrane phospholipids are capable of several types of motion within the biological membrane (Fig. 2-8). –Move laterally across the membrane –Flip-flop –Rotate –Flexion of tail

Figure 2-9 Proteins are capable of lateral mobility across membranes

Thank you for your attention ~