Catherine A. Brekus, Strangers and Pilgrims: Female Preaching in America, 1740-1845 (1998) Bathsheba Kingsley, “brawling woman” preacher who had “gone quite out of her place.” Brekus argued women like Kingsley within tens years of the first Great Awakening were increasingly prevented or blocked from participating in religious education (e.g., testifying, witnessing, etc.). By the Revolution sharp lines were drawn between the male and female realm of religious education. During the 1830s and 40s the moral authority gained by the ideology of “separate spheres” positioned religious education firmly in the female realm. Women’s participation in religious education became the norm rather than the exception

Abolitionists: Slavery Violated Domestic Ideology & Religion

Older Anti-slavery Movement Henry Clay, American Colonization Society Liberia 1821-1822 Emigration Early moves to abolish slavery among religious groups (e.g., Quakers Northeast Ordinance of 1787

New Abolitionists Immediate emancipation Public expression Recognition of black humanity and civil equality

Variations among Abolitionists Restrict spread of slavery Free soil party 1848 Anti-slavery not necessarily abolitionist (e.g. some Northerners)

New England and Northeast: Center of Abolitionism – However, they are NOT popular in North Considered: Bad for business Racially suspect Too Radical

Southern Views Various documents in reader attest to proslavery arguments Postmaster’s position

Crucial Reform Movement: The Abolitionists Key figure: William Lloyd Garrison (Began Publishing The Liberator in 1831 at Age 26) Radical Demands for Immediate Abolition, Complete Equality Free Blacks, Women Important

Defining Free Labor Ideology Definition: Set of ideals that celebrated the North’s economic progress and the ability of ordinary men to become financially independent. These ideals include the belief that slavery invariably degraded free labor. Free Labor Ideology cited by Abolitionists “Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men”

New Fugitive Slave Act Created More Controversy New Law Established Federal Commissioners Northerners MUST Return Fugitive Slaves

Fugitive Slaves and Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Lincoln Douglass Debates Popular sovereignty Lincoln’s articulation of the difference between freedom and equality