INTERNATIONAL RIVALRY IMPERIALISM & INTERNATIONAL RIVALRY

European expansion before 1880 From 16th to 18th Century Differences after 1880

Industrial Imperialism European imperialism, 1880-1914 Introduction Grabbing the Globe Means of Conquest Explanations and Justifications America in the Philippines

Introduction 1800 = 35% (of earth’s surface) 1880 = 78% 1914 = 85% (colonies, protectorates, dominions or commonwealths) Bet. 1880-1914, European powers took direct domination of large parts of Africa and Asia; previously, Europe hadn’t taken possession of Africa – especially the interior Why did this new imperialism come about at this period? 1800 = 35% (of earth’s surface) 1880 = 78% 1914 = 85% (colonies, protectorates, dominions or commonwealths) Bet. 1880-1914, European powers took direct domination of large parts of Africa and Asia; previously, Eur hadn’t taken possession of Africa – esp interior; why did this new imperialism come about at this period? New Imperialism: characterized by an explosion of territorial conquests: Euros seized territories in Africa, Central Asia; both Euros and Americans too territories in Southeast Asia and the Pacific;

New Imperialism New Markets National Glory – Extension of Nationalism International Competition Christian Expansion “White Man’s Burden – Racial Imperialism Social Darwinism Superior Technology

What are the causes or explanations of imperialism? Economic Colonies, products, markets International prestige and competition Nationalism, pride, honor turf and trade routes Belief in European dynamism, progress, superiority Role of technology Machine gun, railroads, steamships communications (telegraph) Medicine

Explanations and justifications Think: which is most important? Nationalism Duty Economic Social Darwinism

“Survival of the Fittest” Herbert Spencer 1820-1903 “Survival of the Fittest”

Further justification: race Belief in white racial superiority Right to dominate “civilization” – mission civilisatrice “white man’s burden” Christianity

Race & Empire

Grabbing the Globe Africa Asia: Central America/Caribbean Great Britain -- Burma, India, N. Borneo France – Indochina U.S. – Philippines Russia – Mongolia Central America/Caribbean U.S. in Nicaragua, Panama, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Mexico 1/4 of the globe’s land redistributed as colonies: “The globe had become the private reserve of western civilization.” (Eric Hobsbawm)

Battle of Omdurman 1898 8,200 vs 52,000 48 dead vs 9,700 dead 434 wounded vs 13,000 wounded 8,200 vs 52,000

Imperialism in Africa ca. 1885

Imperialism in Africa 1914

Imperialism in Asia, 1840-1914

China: western imperial control of an eastern empire Weakening of Qing (1644-1912) dynasty Economic pressure Opium trade – British from India – luxury items (tea, silk) Weakening of Qing dynasty; Introduction: At beginning of 19th c., Qing strong and resilient; prosperous; expanded; conquered new lands like Tibet; commercialized agric came as result; grew new world crops (corn sweet potatoes); still, they attracted negative European attention; Europeans been unable to penetrate beyond Canton enclave; Qing believed Europe remote and only casually interested in trade. Isolated from major changes beyond their borders. Only slowly realize that “Britain was passionate about foreign trade and already had colonies in India and a major naval base at Singapore.” Internal conflicts erupted, fueled by social instabilities – these sometime intensified by local ethnic conflicts and unapproved religions. European interference determined outcome of some of these. Economic pressure Opium trade – British from India – luxury items (tea, silk) British in China: frustrated by trade deficit caused by British desire for tea and Qing refusal to allow any British product to be imported to China; Qing banned imports in 1729 and again in 1799. Opium: introd of tobacco led to opium bec prevalent by late 18th c; East India Co and Chinese partners dev lucrative opium smuggling trade (for tea); in 1834 when EI co lost monopoly over trade opened up market to others and opium flooded into China. Outflow of silver as result led to shortages, increased tax burden on peasantry; unrest in countryside; corruption Chinese response : debate on whether or not to legalize trade and tax it or root it out; decided on latter; 1838 sent Commissioner Lin Zexu to Canton to demand foreigners surrender goods to govt. Tried to suppress the trade; Foreign community blockaded. Opium smokers

China: western imperial control of an eastern empire Opium Wars Treaty of Nanking (1842) – Hong Kong Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) Opium Wars: British landed naval and marine forces in late 1839 at South China coast; marines pillaged coastal cities then returned to ships and sailed to new destinations; British kept most confrontations at sea where they had advantage; seized Hong Kong; Qing had no navy and in land engagements were woefully inadequate; obsolete weapons; when invaders approached Nanjing, decided to negotiate. Treaty of Nanjing, 1842. Terms:Hong Kong ceded to British Increased no. of treaty ports to 5 (later grew to 90 by 1900 in subsequent treaties) Lowered tariffs to 5 percent Qing had to pay indemnity of 21 millions ounces of silver for war British residents had right of territoriality – had privileges (segregated quarters of (segregated quarters of cities); other foreigners also gained these privileges Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) - Introd/background; Opium war undermined Qing authority; region where Taiping Rebellion broke out had experienced social problems for half century; agric unstable; many people made livings from despised trades such as disposing of human waste, making charcoal and mining. Ethnic divisions between minority Hong – from humble background; saw himself as the younger brother of Christ, commissioned by God to found a new kingdom on earth – Heavenly Kingdom – and to drive out the Manchu conquerors, the demons. Followers and vision: communitarian; no alcohol or sensual pleasure; equality of women with men; by 1850, 20,000; 1851 Hong declared himself Heavenly King of the Heavenly Kingdom; followers marched northward taking cities and towns; took Nanjing in 1853 and killed all Manchus; made it capital In 1856 British and French forces attacked coastal areas; a kind of second Opium War to enforce treaties on Qing; invade Beijing and sacked Summer Palace; then joined with Qing in crushing the rebellion One of world’s bloodiest civil wars; 20-30 mill killed, mostly starvation and disease (sieges of heavily fortified towns.)

1880-1914—the U.S. in the Philippines Spanish-American War, 1898 Treaty of Paris – Senate debate Pro-annexation/pro-imperialist argument Anti-annexation/anti-imperialist argument Result: war

The first step towards lightening The White Man's Burden is through teaching the virtues of cleanliness. Pears' Soap is a potent factor in brightening the dark corners of the earth as civilization advances, while amongst the cultured of all nations it holds the highest place -- it is the ideal toilet soap. Here, Admiral Dewey, who led the Battle for Manila at the start of the Spanish-American War in 1898, is pictured washing with Pears’ Soap

The Nation’s Hero Title: The Nation's Hero --Admiral Dewey on his Flagship "Olympia," Manila Bay, P. I. [Philippine Islands] -- Photographer: Underwood & Underwood -- Place of Publication: New York. -- Date of Publication: c1899. Contributing Institution: The Bancroft Library. University of California, Berkeley.

The necessary Result of War Title: The necessary Result of War --an Insurgent killed in the trenches at the Battle of Malabon, P. I. [Philippine Islands] -- Photographer: Underwood & Underwood -- Place of Publication: New York. -- Date of Publication: c1899. Contributing Institution: The Bancroft Library. University of California, Berkeley.

The right way to Filipino freedom Title: The right way to Filipino Freedom --Boys in Normal High School, Manila, Philippine Islands. -- Photographer: Underwood & Underwood -- Place of Publication: New York. -- Date of Publication: c1900. Contributing Institution: The Bancroft Library. University of California, Berkeley.