Rivalry in North America

The British began to show interest in the Ohio River valley. In the 1700s, Britain and France were leading European powers. They competed for wealth and empire in different parts of the world. In North America, their rivalry was very strong. The British began to show interest in the Ohio River valley. This vast land beyond the Appalachian Mountains was rich in resources. The French enjoyed a thriving fur trade with the Native Americans of the region.

Who is stronger? To protect their claims in the valley, the French built a chain of forts from Lake Ontario south to the Ohio River. The British responded by starting to build a fort in what is now western Pennsylvania. Before they could finish, the French seized the site. On it, they built their own fort, calling it Fort Duquesne.

Quick! How do you say it?: Fort Duquesne Doo-Kayn

In spring 1754, the governor of Virginia sent a militia - a military force made up of ordinary citizens—to drive out the French. Leading this force was a young George Washington. After marching to Fort Duquesne, Washington set up a small fort of his own nearby. He called it Fort Necessity. Washington's outpost soon came under attack by the French and their Native American allies. This combined army won the battle and forced Washington's soldiers to surrender.

Native American Alliances As the conflict got underway, the French and the British both sought Native American help. Native Americans generally distrusted the British and their hunger for land. In contrast, the French were more interested in fur trading than in land. French trappers and fur traders often married Native American women. French missionaries converted many Native Americans to Catholicism. French Advantage The Natives helped the French more than the British!

The Iroquois Confederacy To counter the threat of the French and their Native American friends, the British colonists tried to make a treaty with the Iroquois. The Iroquois Confederacy was the most powerful group of Native Americans in eastern North America. At that time, the confederacy included six nations—the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Tuscarora. The Iroquois refused an alliance, or partnership, with the British. They did, however, promise to remain neutral.

NOT!! Working Together... It’s him again, again! The Albany delegates also talked about how the colonies might work together more closely against the French. They decided to adopt Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan of Union for a united colonial government. To form a colonial government, each colony would have to give up some of its powers. Not one colonial assembly was willing to do so. It’s him again, again! The Albany Plan of Union failed because no colony was willing to give up SOVEREIGNTY

Disappointed, Franklin wrote, "Everybody cries, a Union is absolutely necessary; but when they come to the manner and form of the union, [they] are perfectly distracted." Why a snake?

The French in the French and Indian War The French enjoyed early success in the war. They captured several British forts. Meanwhile, their Native American allies carried out raids on the frontier, or edges, of the colonies. They killed colonists, burned farmhouses and crops, and drove many families back toward the coast.

The Turning Point Why is this important? The turning point came in 1757, when William Pitt became prime minister, the head of the British government. He sent more trained British troops to fight in North America. To stop colonial complaints about the cost of the war, Pitt decided that Britain would pay for it. He knew that, after the war, the British would raise colonists' taxes to help pay the large bill. Why is this important?

The British take the lead… Pitt's goal was to conquer the Ohio River Valley AND French Canada. In 1758 British forces won a key victory at Fort Louisbourg, and later captured two more forts. One of those was Fort Duquesne. The British renamed it Fort Pitt. Because of its position, Quebec (the capital of New France) was thought to be impossible to attack. That all changed in September 1759, British troops surprised and defeated the French army on a field called the Plains of Abraham. The fall of Quebec and of Montreal the next year marked the defeat of France in North America. COOL PICTURES AND DRAWINGS ON THE BATTLE OF QUEBEC 1759!! (IF THERE IS TIME!)

The Treaty of Paris The war in Europe finally ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1763. This treaty forced France to give Canada and most of its lands east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain. Great Britain also received Florida from France's ally, Spain. Spain acquired French lands west of the Mississippi River—called Louisiana— as well as the port of New Orleans. The Treaty of Paris marked the end of France as a power in North America. In its aftermath, North America was in the hands of two European powers—Great Britain and Spain.

The Aftermath… Final Results Land Gained/Lost

Natives…Life after war The French defeat was a blow to Native Americans in the Ohio River Valley. They had lost their French allies and trading partners and now had to deal with the British. The British raised the prices of their goods. Unlike the French, the British refused to pay Native Americans to use their land. Worst of all, more colonists began settling in Native American lands.

Pontiac’s War Many Native Americans saw the settlers as a threat to their way of life. One of these was Pontiac, the chief of an Ottawa village near Detroit. In 1763, Pontiac and his forces captured the British fort at Detroit and other British outposts. During Pontiac's War, Native Americans killed settlers along the Pennsylvania and Virginia frontiers.

The Proclamation of 1763 Britain's King George declared that colonists were not to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. It helped removed a source of conflict with Native Americans. It also kept colonists on the coast—where the British could control them. Colonists believed the proclamation limited their freedom of movement. They feared that the large number of British troops might interfere with their liberties. As a result, distrust began to grow between Britain and its American colonies.

On our way to a revolution… Britain's financial problems also led to trouble. Deeply in debt as a result of the war with France, the British government made plans to tax the colonies and tighten trade rules. These efforts would lead to conflict—and eventually revolution.

Kinda like brainstorming but with pictures!! Picture Notes Kinda like brainstorming but with pictures!! Draw pictures of things that cue your mind to remember the concepts you want to learn. The final product will look crazy to people who didn’t create it but it will serve as the perfect/visual mental cue for the people who created it. Sometimes there’s an or sequence to the pictures, sometimes not. It depends on your creativity. Get your concepts directly from your notes. Not all points will be used. 1. 2. 3. 4. Main Idea 5. 8. 7. 6.

Kinda like brainstorming but with pictures!! Visual Notes Kinda like brainstorming but with pictures!! Tips & Tricks: Think improvisation, NOT PERFECTION. This type of note taking, also called “Sketchnoting, isn’t illlustration, it’s content driven doodling. Don’t worry about EVERY DETAIL….leave the small stuff out. Just put the main things in that will trigger your brain to remember the concept you need to learn. This will be especially helpful as your group stands up in front of the class to explain their picture notes illustrations. Strive to use symbols and icons to symbolize worded concepts. Don’t worry about coloring the Visual Notes until starting the final copy on Day Two.

Website for this pic for clearer view Visual Notes Website for this pic for clearer view

Various Examples of Visual Notes, also known as Sketchnoting

Group Instructions: Each group will be assigned a concept to create Visual Notes on. Day One: Your goal as a group is to have at least a plan of what your drawing is going to look like. Rough draft or diagram with words explaining layout of ideas. Day Two: Finish product should be colored and ready to present. Each group will stand up and explain all the concepts on their Picture notes Group One: Rivalry Between the French and British Group Two: Native American Alliances Group Three: Attempts for Alliances Between the States Group Four: The French and Indian War Group Five: New British Policies Group Six:

Important points that need to be in your Visual Notes: Rivalry Between the French and British Relationship between French/British and Native Americans Ohio River Valley George Washington and his militia from Virginia Fort Necessity /Fort Duquesne Native American Alliances French & British seek alliances with Native Americans French good social/business relations with Native Americans Native American distrust of the land hungry British Iroquois Confederacy Attempts for Alliances Between the States The Colonies Delegates at the Albany meeting of the colonies. Benjamin Franklin “Unite or Die” picture Albany Plan of Union The French and Indian War Early Successes for French & Native Americans William Pitt Economic and Military changes by Pitt to increase British successes in the war. Battle for Quebec 1759 Treaty of Paris and its geo-political effects in the Americas and the Rest of the World New British Policies Changes in the Relationship between the British Colonialists and Native Americans Native American Chief Pontiac and his battles against colonial settlements King George and the Proclamation of 1763 Tensions between Native Americans go down… Tensions between Colonists and British Politicians and soldiers go up A total of 10 points is needed for an A in the assignment. A total of 12 points is possible for groups that go above and beyond the call of duty. Element Possible Points Points Awarded At least 4 Important Points Included In Visual Notes: 4   Illustrations with colors used to Demonstrate each concept Organized Presentation with clear sequence and order 2 BONUS POINTS Creativity and Awesomeness!