LIME TREATMENT APPLICATIONS at OMP SUBGRADE STABILITY and LIME TREATMENT APPLICATIONS at OMP Marshall Thompson, P.E. Professor Emeritus – CE University of IL @ U-C

SUBGRADE SOIL PROPERTIES * STRENGTH (CBR/QU) * MODULUS * RUTTING RESISTANCE

0.5-INCH RUT / CBR - 6 0.5 INCH / CBR -6

SOIL COMPACTION

MATERIAL COMPACTION

MATERIAL COMPACTION

MOISTURE – DENSITY - CBR UofIL / IDOT PROCEDURE COMPACT MOLD CBR ON “FINISHED” MOLD

IMPROVED MATERIAL COVER REQUIREMENTS 5 10 15 20 25 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 Subgrade CBR Required Thickness Above Subgrade (inches) Remedial procedures optional Remedial Procedures Required not needed

CE CONE PENETROMETER

CBR = CI / 40

PR – Penetration Ratio (inches/blow) LOG (CBR) = 0.84 – 1.26 LOG (PR) PR – Penetration Ratio (inches/blow)

Automated Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (ADCP) University of Illinois ADCP with its data acquisition system

MOISTURE – DENSITY CONTROL DIFFICULTIES DRYING EFFORTS = ??? DRYING DAY = ??? (TEMP / ET) # DRYING DAYS ??

MOISTURE CONTROL IS TEMPORARY SOLUTION!!!!!

“EQUILIBRIUM” CONDITIONS

LIME PRODUCTS

LIME PRODUCTION (RAW MATERIALS) CALCITE: CaCO3 DOLOMITE: Ca CO3 . MgCO3

SOME QL PARTICLE SIZES ARE << SMALL FOR HYDRATION QUICKLIME (QL) FINES SOME QL PARTICLE SIZES ARE << SMALL FOR HYDRATION PRODUCT = QL FINES

FINELY-DIVIDED “DUST” FROM LIME KILN DUST (LKD) FINELY-DIVIDED “DUST” FROM THE KILN STACKS

LKD COMPOSITION Some Kilns (15-20%) QL + “INERT MATERIAL” + SiO2 + Al2O3 + Calcite / Dolomite

FLOCCULATION & AGGLOMERATION CATION EXCHANGE FLOCCULATION & AGGLOMERATION RAPID REACTION !!!!! ALL FINE-GRAINED SOILS WITH SIGNIFICANT CLAY!!

NOT ALL FINE-GRAINED SOILS ARE “LIME REACTIVE” !!!!

UNDESIRABLE !!!!!!

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS

A-6 (11)

FLANAGAN-B 36% CLAY PI –21 HOSMER-B 30% CLAY PI-22

CURING EFFECTS

CURING @ ~72°F

(CONSTRUCTION PROCESS) CHECK MT. CARMEL SAND & GRAVEL VIDEO (CONSTRUCTION PROCESS)

(CHECK PI / CARBONATES) OMP SOIL SAMPLES * 61 BUCKETS * % CLAY RANKING (CHECK PI / CARBONATES) * VISUAL INSPECTION * SELECTED BUCKETS (FOUR GROUPS)

Grouping Of Soils GROUP 1 GROUP 2 Soil Description Boring No. Bucket Depth Soil Description Clay % LL PI Silt GROUP 1 MT 14 20 5'-10' Gray SILTY CLAY with Sand 17.6 22 6 54.8 MT 16 17 1'-5' Brown and Gray SANDY LEAN CLAY 19.2 30 35.4 MT 4 43 1'-4' Gray LEAN CLAY with sand 22.1 24 8 52.4 MT 3 54 29'-33' Gray SANDY LEAN CLAY 11 39.7 GROUP 2 52 6'-10' 22.8 25 44.5 51 2'-6' 23.5 27 12 49.9 44 8'-12' 23.7 42.9 MT 5 50 33'-36' 25.3 28 10 41.6

GROUP 3 GROUP 4 Boring No. Bucket No. Depth Soil Description Clay % LL PI Silt % GROUP 3 MT 5 47 1'-5' Gray LEAN CLAY with sand 29 33 13 43.2 MT 15 32 Gray LEAN CLAY with Sand 29.2 24 9 41.4 MT 10 36 29.4 11 39.3 MT 13 3 16'-20' 29.7 17 50 GROUP 4 MT 17 18'-21' Brown and Gray LEAN CLAY with Sand 39.4 41 39.7 MT 8 16 30'-34' 38 19 43.3 MT 12 12 30'-35' 41.9 46 26 42.6 MT 6 27 6'-10' 43.7 44 18

LIME LAB TESTING PROGRAM M-D-CBR (0 & 5% LIME) QU (0 & 5% LIME) (48-HOURS @ 12O°F) RESILIENT MODULUS (0 & 5% LIME) LIME TYPE EFFECT % LIME EFFECT

LIME PRODUCTS TYPE: QUICKLIME FINES LIME KILN DUST (LKD) SOURCE: BUFFINGTON, IN SOUTH CHICAGO, IL

Moisture-Density Results for Group 2 Soils 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 10 13 16 19 22 25 Moisture Content % Dry Density (pcf) 0% Lime 5% Lime OMC =14.1% OMC=16%

CBR Results for Group 2 Soils 10 20 30 40 50 60 12 14 16 18 22 24 Moisture Content % CBR 0% Lime 5% Lime OMC = 16% OMC = 14.1%

BEST OPTION LIME TREATMENT