Module One: Integrated Water Resources Management and Conflict Resolution Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for Integrated Water Resources Management

Objectives and Outcomes of the session To understand the meaning and principles of IWRM To demonstrate relevance of IWRM for managing conflicts To introduce various tipping points for conflict and cooperation on water resources

Objectives and Outcomes of the session The participant will have a clear understanding of the link between IWRM, conflict and conflict management, and have a clear understanding of the relevance of conflict management skills. SKILLS The participant will be able to systematically analyze his or her own particular setting through the lens of IWRM and to perceive possible entry points for conflict resolution from the perspective of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR).

Presentation Outline Introduction What is IWRM IWRM principles and elements IWRM and conflict management Tipping points for conflict..cooperation

1. Introduction The Importance of Water Water is essential to human survival (20-40 litres per person daily) Effective primary health care Fight poverty, hunger, child mortality, gender inequality and environmental damage. Millennium Development Goals

1. Introduction: Facts on Water Crisis More than 2 billion people suffer from water shortages in over 40 countries; 1.1 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water; 2 million tonnes per day of human waste is discharged into water courses; Every year 1.6 million children below 5 years old die because of unsafe water and lack of basic sanitation.

1. Introduction: Reasons for Water Crisis Water resources under pressure from population growth, economic activity, growing competition from many water users; Withdrawals increased more than twice the rate of population growth; Development and pollution are exacerbating water scarcity; Uncoordinated development and management of water resources; Climate change will impact on water resources.

2. What is IWRM? A systematic process for sustainable development, allocation and monitoring of water resource use in the context of social, economic and environmental goals and objectives. IWRM is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems (GWP 2000)

2. What is IWRM? IWRM is a paradigm shift Departs from traditional approaches in three ways: Cross-cutting and departs from traditional sectoral approach. Spatial focus is the river basin; Departure from narrow professional and political boundaries and perspectives and broadened to incorporate participatory decision-making of all stakeholders (Inclusion versus exclusion).

2. What is IWRM? Interdependency The basis of IWRM is that there are a variety of uses of water resources which are interdependent. The need to consider the different uses of water together

2. What is IWRM? Competing but Interdependent Uses

2. What is IWRM? – A Water Balancing Act Demand Increasing in all sectors Inefficient use Supply Quantity (Natural Scarcity, Groundwater Depletion) Quality Degradation Cost of Options IWRM

2. What is IWRM? Dimensional View

2. What is IWRM? Prosperity Governance Activity Sectors (water uses) Health Water Quality Water Supply Floods/Droughts Energy Agriculture Industry Pollution Prev Coastal Mgt. Ecosystem Mgt. Activity Sectors (water uses) Social Development Economic Env . Protection Objectives Policy/Inst. Framework Management Institutions Feedback IWRM Water and water related policies review and revision IWRM Resource development, management, monitoring, and evaluation IWRM Resource availability/use analysis and allocation

3. IWRM Principles and elements 1. Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource. 2. Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach. 3. Women play central role in provision, management and safeguarding of water. 4. Water has an economic value but should be recognised as an economic good and a social good.

Principle 1: Freshwater is a finite and vulnerable resource. Ocean Evaporation Evaporation (ET) runoff Precipitation Aquifer Infiltration Evaporation/ET Surface Water Groundwater

Why is it vulnerable? Water is essential for development and is vulnerable to development. Holistic approach: Link social and economic development with the protection of natural ecosystems. Integrated Perspective: No dichotomy between land use and water use. The river basin is the logical unit for water resources management.

Principle 2: Water development & management should be participatory. Everyone is a stakeholder (inclusion/exclusion); Democratisation of decision-making principle is adopted; Ideally, multiple stakeholders In reality, involvement in decision-making at the most feasible level (subsidiary); Gender sensitive and sensitive to issues of vulnerability and poverty.

Benefits of participation More successful projects in terms of scale, design, operation and maintenance; Improve cost recovery . Key to revenue generation and financing; Environmental resources are protected and cultural and human rights are respected; Coordinate interests and resolve conflicts; Increase transparency and accountability in decision-making.

Challenges to the Participatory Approach Participation does not always achieve consensus: Arbitration processes and conflict resolution mechanisms needed. Government intervention needed to create enabling environment for marginalised social groups (poor, indigenous people, the elderly & women. Disadvantaged groups must also have the capacity to participate.

Think about it In your country are all stakeholders involved in decision-making on water supply, management and investment decisions?

Principle 3: Women play a central role in the provision, management and safeguarding of water. In many countries women are the collectors of water, responsible for safeguarding water for domestic use and agricultural use. Women less instrumental than men in key areas: Management; Problem analysis; Decision-making in relation to design of systems and investment etc.

Links between Gender and IWRM Gender and environmental sustainability linkages. Gender and economic efficiency linkages. Gender and social equity linkages.

Gender and economic efficiency linkages Women may be less mobile and have payment constraints. Payment centres should be in closer proximity to their homes. Payment amounts should be smaller and can be made at more regular intervals making more affordable.

Think about it In your country is a gender-sensitive approach being used to manage water resources? If not, give reasons why this approach has not been adopted.

Principle 4: Water has an economic value among all competing uses and should be recognised as an economic good as well as a social good. Water has a value as an economic good as well as a social good. The value of water in alternative uses is important for the rational allocation of water as an economic good as well as a social good.

Think about it Is there any adoption of water management principles in your country? Where can you find them?

Balance “water for livelihood” and “water as a resource” Key Criteria and elements of IWRM Figure 8. The Three pillars of Integrated Water Resources Management Economic efficiency Equity Environmental Sustainability Management Instruments Assessment Allocation instruments Enabling Environment Policies Legislation Institutional Framework Central- Local River Basin Public - Private Balance “water for livelihood” and “water as a resource” Presentation ideally could have taken whole day- had to distil down - broad brush- My aim then is to provide window for you on realities of environmental regulation on the ground - allow you to cherry pick the areas you would like to find out more about.

Key Criteria and elements of IWRM -- Change Areas Enabling environment Setting goals for water use, protection and conservation. Legislative framework – the rules to follow to achieve policies and goals. Financing and incentive structures – allocating financial resources to meet water needs.

Key Criteria and elements of IWRM -- Change Areas Institutional roles Creating an organizational framework – forms and functions. Institutional capacity building – developing human resources.

Key Criteria and elements of IWRM -- Change Areas Water Resources Management Water resources assessment – understanding resources and needs. Plans for IWRM – combining development options, resource use and human interaction. Demand management – using water more efficiently. Social change instruments – encouraging a water-oriented civil society.

Key Criteria and elements of IWRM -- Change Areas Conflict resolution – managing disputes, ensuring sharing of water. Regulatory instruments – allocation and water use limits. Economic instruments – using value and prices for efficiency & equity. Information management and exchange – improving knowledge for better water management.

4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict 4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict..cooperation Given all the IWRM change areas, its introduction to the existing systems of water resources management creates a climate for both conflict and cooperation.

4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict 4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict..cooperation Achieving good water governance Each IWRM change areas holds potential to contribute to more equitable, efficient and sustainable water use and management But, it also holds the potential to create conflict within and across user groups and societies. While change is key, how one enters this environment – the time, place and pace – are equally important.

4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict 4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict..cooperation Securing water for people Access to safe and sufficient water and sanitation (basic human needs essential to health and well-being). Meeting water supply and sanitation needs for urban and rural areas especially in developing countries represents one of the most serious challenges in the years ahead.

4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict 4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict..cooperation Securing water for food Population projections - Over the next 25 years food will be needed for 2-3 billion more people. Water is seen as a key constraint on food production, equivalent to if not more crucial than land scarcity. Irrigated agriculture is already responsible for more than 70% of all water withdrawals (more than 90% of all consumptive use of water).

4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict 4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict..cooperation Even with an estimated need for an additional 15-20% of irrigation water over the next 25 years - which is probably on the low side – serious conflicts are likely to arise between water for irrigated agriculture and water for other human and ecosystem uses.

4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict 4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict..cooperation Water for ecosystems Land and water resources management must ensure that vital ecosystems are maintained and that adverse effects on other natural resources are considered and where possible reduced when development and management decisions are made.

4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict 4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict..cooperation Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems produce a range of economic benefits depending on water flows. Does this mean that concerns for environmental protection stand above the needs of economic development? Limited resources requires managing the environment and development, or approaching development from an environmentally sensitive way is not always possible. Trade-offs will be necessary, but how and who to decide?

4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict 4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict..cooperation Gender disparities The way that water resources are managed affects women and men differently. Throughout the world, and particularly in rural areas, women are the custodians of family health and hygiene and providers of domestic water and food. Women therefore are the primary stakeholders in household water and sanitation.

4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict 4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict..cooperation Yet, decisions on water supply and sanitation technologies, locations of water points and operation and maintenance systems are mostly made by men. How may this effectively be changed? What, exactly, does ‘mainstreaming gender’ mean?

4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict 4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict..cooperation Managing Risks Drought, flood, point-source and diffuse pollution, upstream actions with downstream impacts – these are all common events with often uncommon and unpredictable outcomes. Ensuring early warning systems and adequate structural responses to both natural and human-made calamities are key activities in conflict avoidance.

4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict 4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict..cooperation Positive initial responses must be built upon and lead to appropriate mitigation and adaptation procedures – this is all the more important in the face of the anticipated negative effects on of global warming on local and global hydrological cycles.

4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict 4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict..cooperation Valuing water In addition to the economic, water in all its uses has social, environmental and cultural value. In addition to the economic cost of service delivery water pricing must reflect issues of equity, and meeting the needs of the environment, the poor and the vulnerable.

4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict 4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict..cooperation That means decisions must be made in culturally, socially, economically and environmentally sensitive ways: surely a recipe for conflict!

4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict 4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict..cooperation Water for Industry and Cities Should agriculture continue to have 70% of all withdrawals when the sector contributes only 4% to the GDP? While industry uses less water to more profitable effect, there are ecological costs involved. Many states are eager to attract new industry, but lack the capacity to monitor their behaviour fearing that applying the polluter pays rule will drive them out to a neighbouring country, many governments are unwilling to adhere to their own laws regarding environmental and social health.

4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict 4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict..cooperation As cities grow, the demand for water rises and governments may be faced with questions of building dams or transferring water from one basin to another. Rural people may lose out in these decisions. What are the ways forward? And how to manage the conflicts that are sure to arise?

4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict 4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict..cooperation Water in a Transboundary setting States often act unilaterally when it comes to the management of transboundary waters. This is especially the case when the upstream state is more politically and economically powerful than the downstream state.

4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict 4. IWRM and conflict management: Tipping points for conflict..cooperation What do states disagree upon? The pie-chart (next slide) shows that most often states argue about the quantity of water and the types of infrastructure in place that affect the amount and timing of flows.

Key IWRM questions to ask yourself What is the evidence of commitment to integrated water resources management in your country? Considering the water management structures in your country, what institutional and legal reforms are needed to implement IWRM? Is there an urgency to manage water resources in an integrated manner and how is this best done? What will be the benefits for the different sectors? How are men and women affected differently by changes in water resources management in your country?