The Rationalists: Descartes Certainty: Self and God Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana Outline Meditation 2: The Cogito I am a thinking thing The piece of Wax Conclusion Meditation 3: A general rule for truth: clear and distinct ideas The existence of God (Proof 1) Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 2: Introduction Summing up: Doubt: Radical, Hyperbolic, Methodological No source of knowledge passed the test : senses – dream argument, reason – evil genius Doubtful hence considered as false: External world, personal body, rational truths Meditation 2: Look at the title!! “Concerning the Nature of the Human Mind: That it is Better Known than the Body” Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 2 – The Cogito Prospect for research: Certainty in any case One single certainty would be enough: Archimedes The Cogito: 1. Resists the Evil Genius Argument 2. Problems with interpretation: - Inference or limit of the doubt - genuine intellectual and subjective experience  The Cogito is a Subjective Truth Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 2 – I am a thinking thing Question of Method: How am I to figure out what I am? 1. Against Definitions 2. The method of Doubt is universal – apply it here ! What did I used to think I am: 1. An well known body 2. Equipped with an incomprehensible soul This is the scholastic view! How does it face the doubt? Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 2 – I am a thinking thing What am I? 1. Not my body 2. A thinking thing ! Problem of interpretation: Thing = substance? What is a thinking thing? Broad definition: any mental activity (anything not body like), including sensations ! Descartes’ paradox: Subjectivity is the road to truth! Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 2 – The piece of wax The point of the passage: Look at the conclusion!! But I need to realize that the perception of the wax is neither a seeing, nor a touching, nor an imagining. Nor has it ever been, even though it previously seem so; rather it is an inspection on the part of the mind alone [...]. (33) So: the point of the passage: We know things through the understanding, not through our senses and imagination Descartes is making an epistemological point Problem: how is this relevant to the claim that we know our mind better than our body? Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 2 – The piece of wax Argument: P1: The piece of wax can change; P2: But what we call the piece of wax is still the same; CC1: there is something I know of the wax which remains the same when the piece of wax undergoes changes; Unstated Premise: only unchanging aspects of something constitute what I know truly of it; P3: the sensitive qualities do not remain CC2: the sensitive qualities are not what the piece of wax as I truly know it; P4: what remains is that it is extended, flexible and mutable; CC3: Instead, I truly know as the piece of wax truly as: extended, flexible and mutable Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 2 – The piece of wax With which faculty do I know the piece of wax? - Not the senses - Not the imagination - Perception of the mind Generalization: Any sensation in fact relies on a judgment of understanding Example: hats in the street We know everything through the understanding Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 2 – The piece of wax Do I know my mind better than my body? - It does not seem to follow: distinction faculty / object: I know better with my mind ≠ I know my mind better - Possible hidden premise: I know better what is distinct – i.e. of an unmixed nature Descartes has not shown his main claim Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 2 – Conclusion The Cogito: One single certainty as a subjective evidence Problem with the Cogito: thinking thing and substance The piece of wax: our mind takes part in the entirety of knowledge, even the perception of sensible particulars Problem with the piece of wax: we haven’t shown that we know our mind better than our body, unless further assumptions are made. Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana Outline Meditation 2: The Cogito I am a thinking thing The piece of Wax Conclusion Meditation 3: A general rule for truth: clear and distinct ideas The existence of God (Proof 1) Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 3: Introduction Summing up: One single certainty Importance of the Mind Meditation 3: Look at the title: “Concerning God; That He Exists” Why proving the existence of God???? Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 3 – Clear and Distinct Ideas General rule: Everything that I very clearly and very distinctly perceive is true Argument I am certain that I am a thinking thing There is nothing that assures of this proposition is true except a clear and distinct perception of it Hence, I can be certain of everything that I perceive in the same way, that is, clearly and distinctively Truth does not take anything more than a clear and distinct idea Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 3 – Why do we need God? Clear and Distinct ideas: 1. Certain at the moment of the intuition 2. Doubtful when attention turned to Evil Genius Clear and Distinct Intuition = criterion of actual truth We need a truthful God for eternal truths Descartes will try to prove: (1) That God exists and (2) That He is truthful Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 3 – That God Exists Descartes discusses the origin of our Ideas: Why? 1. we are stuck in our minds 2. what if we had an idea which requires that something else exist? This idea is going to be the idea of God Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 3 – That God Exists First round: Do my ideas correspond to external things? 1. Three kinds of ideas: innate, adventitious, fictitious 2. What do I used to believe that adventitious ideas come from external things? a. Nature taught me? natural impulses = truth? b. Independent of my will? Another faculty than will? c. Resemblance with external objects? Sun!? Dead end! We are still stuck… Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 3 – That God Exists Second round: The argument from the objective reality of ideas 1. Three kinds of reality for ideas: a. Material reality – all ideas are equally made of thought b. Formal reality – ideas all differ in terms of what they represent c. Objective reality – ideas differ in terms of the degree of reality of their object Idea of God: greatest objective reality Be careful: Objective reality of the idea ≠ Reality of the object Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 3 – That God Exists Second round: The argument from the objective reality of ideas (1. Three kinds of reality for ideas) 2. I cannot be the cause of the idea of God a. Causal Principle – appeal to natural light b. Two kinds of object for my ideas: (1) composite, (2) corporeal substances, (3) God c. I can be the cause of (1) and (2) c. I cannot be the cause of (3) I cannot be the cause of my idea of the actual infinite Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 3 – That God Exists Third round: God as the cause of my existence Descartes’ cosmological argument 1. Candidates: (1) Myself, (2) my parents or anything less than God, (3) God 2. Hyp (1): No, or else I could not conceive of my imperfections 3. Objection: what if I have always exited? No, because persistence in time is as demanding as creation (!) 4. Hyp (2): No, for otherwise infinite regress God is the first cause which causes itself Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana

Meditation 3 – Conclusion The third meditation provides us with: 1. A general rule for finding actual truth : clear and distinct intuitions 2. Proofs that God exists, in order to secure the persistence of the truth of clear and distinct intuitions: (1) From the objective reality of the idea of the infinite (2) As the first non contingent cause of contingent existence God appears in this meditation as the “mark of the craftsman impressed upon his work” If God can be shown not to be a deceiver, then we’re good for rational truths! Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana