Foucault : Foucauldian arguments as applied to racial/gender issues External control: Power Internal control : Self o Individual social bodies unconsciously acknowledge and accept the disciplinary power (internalized surveillance) o Certainty of control is constructed by the self who spontaneously designs own subjection

Theories on ‘power’: Economic power (Karl Marx & Marxist) Corporate monopoly Media conglomerates Disciplinary power (Michel Foucault) Normalizing social behaviour by monitoring and regulating it. Certainty of control Society unconsciously and unquestioningly accepts the capillaries of power and its disciplinary control

Prison system (18min)

Applying Foucault’s concepts to the article by Winter (2002), Media Monopoly 1.State power vs. Corporate concentration of power 2.State vs. corporate Surveillance and reinforcement of obedience 3.State vs. Corporate Punishment (of firing from jobs) :

Dr. Nancy Oliviery Case: Issues: 1. Ethics; 2. Academic Freedom 2010 study finds that clinical trials funded by the pharmaceutical industry are more likely to report a positive outcome : 63% were funded by industry, 14% by government sources, and 23% by non-profits Industry-funded trials reported positive outcomes in 85.4 % of publications, compared with 50 % for government-funded trials & 71.9% by non-profits’ funded

Dr. Nancy Olivieri University of Toronto clinician, Dr. Nancy Olivieri’s research at the Hospital for Sick Children She believed that a new drug treatment posed dangers to some patients. The hospital and the university failed to support her against Apotex, co-sponsor of the research Apotex objected to her publishing her findings It was found that the hospital and university officials and representatives of Apotex subjected her to workplace and other harassment 6

From the CAUT website Apotex Inc.: A Corporation Above the Courts? (Jan 2009) Apotex Inc. v. Olivieri: An Attack on Academic Freedom Dec 2008) The Olivieri Case: Context and Significance (Dec 2005) The Olivieri Case: Context and Reflections (Ecclectica, Dec 2005) Review of Miriam Shuchman, The Drug Trial. Nancy Olivieri and the Science Scandal that Rocked the Hospital for Sick Children by David Healy (Oct 2005) Supplement to the Report to the Committee of Inquiry (Jan 2002) College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario Vindicates Olivieri (Jan 2002) Summary of the Report (Oct 2001) The Olivieri Report (Oct 2001) 8

What is Dr. Oliveriti doing now? She is still at the University of Toronto and has become a respected defender of academic freedom. p?lookup=

Dr. Mary Bryson in UBC Responsible for developing a new online course from the administrator overseeing the program asking her to sign a contract transferring rights to "course materials" to the university. The contract required: She sign away the rights to the course materials and the university could use them without attributing authorship The univ could revise and modify or alter them or use them in a different context, without the author's consent. The Bryson arbitration decision is a landmark in the struggle to insure that faculty, not administrators, determine the content of courses. 10

University of Ottawa custody and control The University asked all faculty to turn over every document in their possession, wherever they were stored, related to a Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy (FOIP) request received by the university The University was prepared to search faculty members’ accounts The Association grieved and it went to arbitration - CAUT legal counsel, represented the Association 11

University of Ottawa custody and control The Association won and the arbitrator included their proposed framework for documents that the University has in its custody and control in the award Includes documents related to administrative duties, university committee documents, and final exams 12

Criteria established by the Privacy Commissioner, ONT 1. records or portions of records in the possession of an APUO member that relate to personal matters or activities that are wholly unrelated to the university’s mandate, are not in the university’s custody or control; 2. records relating to teaching or research are likely to be impacted by academic freedom, and would only be in the university’s custody and/or control if they would be accessible to it by custom or practice, taking academic freedom into account; 3. administrative records are prima facie in the university’s custody and control, but would not be if they are unavailable to the university by custom or practice, taking academic freedom into account. FINAL ORDER PO-3009-F Appeal PA University of Ottawa November 7, 2011

Foucault’s archaeology: The ‘history of ideas’ means the conscious thought of the various thinkers in different periods. For Foucault, the context of their thought is more important as it provides the structural clues to why they thought that way and with what implications. What did Darwin ( ) say is not as important as what made Darwin’s thought possible, why he thought that way and the implications of his thought (Gutting, 2005). m m

Foucauldian genealogy is a historical causal explanation that is material, multiple, and corporeal The objects of these diverse and specific causes are human bodies. The forces that drive our history do not so much operate on our thoughts, our social institutions, or even our environment as on our individual bodies Prisons, clinics and schools have structured regimen designed to produce ‘docile bodies’

Genealogy and Archeology 19 Min run 9

The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969; trans. 1971): F’s archaeology of Knowledge: tracking knowledge production by studying why/how institutions are formed. The discourses that emerge discipline a way of thinking, and the way we engage and relate to people. Design of the institutional apparatuses is to ‘normalise’ subjectivities By exploring the rules of discourse production, historically institutions are examined: e.g., how people who are regarded as deviant are monitored and how to normalize them. Modern capitalist system is political economic structure Examine micropolitics for the design of how power operates

The genealogy of power/ knowledge reveals the way the body is regulated through power that explicitly disciplines bodies Governmentality Biopower

F’s Governmentality : The way governments produce the citizen who must obey/follow governments' policies The organized practices (mentalities, rationalities, and techniques) through which subjects are governed The techniques and strategies of regulation the society behave and act to make it governable.

Disciplined bodies, e.g., in prisons, the military, the corporate world and in schools. Modern Times (Chaplin US 1936), …Gattaca (Niccol US 1997), Spatial division of individuals Control of their activities, Organization of individuals into groups Coordination of these different groups

Biopower: The operations of power that secure and defend the nation-state as it circulates within civil society F’s biopower refers to the techniques of “subjugation of bodies and the control of populations.” 18 th C: Power was intertwined into the development of capitalism as the bodies of workers were inserted into the production machinery and population was applied to to economic processes. Segregation and social hierarchization ensured “relations of domination and effects of hegemony” War of attrition or racial conflicts defend the Society, i.e., the nation-state. ‘if I want to live, you must die’ into a biological formulation: ‘death of the bad race, of the inferior race (or the degenerate, or the abnormal)

F’s Biopower: the political logic used to manage and control populations through speculations about the future based on probabilities and statistics. Security system form the main apparatus of biopower, informs the policies and practices. These policies and their implementation should result in the economic maximization of resources while maintaining scarcity and acceptable levels of poverty.

Truth is produced by institutions and by scientific discourses formulated in relation to these institutions The state’s (or any organized) dominant economic and political structures control the production and transmission of the truth We assume it is truth when it becomes ‘hardened into an unalterable form in the long baking process of history’ F’s Genealogy’s role: to connect different events according to ‘the emergence of different interpretations’ to explain these different interpretations as a ‘perspective’ rather than a universal or transcendental truth. Foucault utilizes genealogy to figure out the various practices applied on the body and the dominating powers that produce such practices.

Juridical, Disciplinary, and Biopolitical Power: Basic Background on Foucault Prof Robin James 67U&feature=related