Exploring Lifespan Development Chapter 8 Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Erikson’s Theory: Initiative versus Guilt new sense of purposefulness eagerness to try new tasks, join activities Imitation & play permits trying out new skills strides in conscience development Guilt overly strict superego, or conscience, causing too much guilt related to excessive: threats criticism punishment Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Self-Understanding Emerging language skills enable children to discuss inner mental states. Self-awareness and self-concept increase together. Absolute Family Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Self-Concept Based on observable characteristics: appearance possessions behavior Typical emotions and attitudes Asserting rights to objects (“Mine!”) helps define boundaries of self. ©Jenkedco/Dreamstime.com Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Self-Esteem Judgments we make about our own worth Feelings about those judgments Includes: global appraisal judgments of different aspects of self Photodisc Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Developing Emotional Competence Emotional understanding improves Emotional self-regulation improves More self-conscious emotions (shame, guilt) and empathy Photodisc Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Emotional Understanding Preschoolers judge: causes of emotions consequences of emotions behavioral signs Parents, siblings, and play contribute to understanding. Absolute Family Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Emotional Self-Regulation By age 3–4, know strategies for adjusting emotional arousal Effortful control important Affected by parents, temperament Absolute Family Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Self-Conscious Emotions Shame Embarrassment Guilt Envy Pride Absolute Family Preschoolers depend on adult feedback to know when to experience these emotions. Culture also influences Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sympathy and Empathy Sympathy feeling of concern or sorrow for another’s plight Empathy feeling same or similar emotions as another person complex mix of cognition and emotion must detect emotions, take other’s perspective Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Individual Differences in Empathy Temperament sociable, assertive, good at emotional regulation more likely to display sympathy and prosocial behavior Parenting warm, sensitive parents who encourage emotional expressiveness Absolute Family Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Peer Sociability in Play Nonsocial activity unoccupied, onlooker behavior solitary play Parallel play plays near other children with similar materials does not try to influence them Social interaction associative play cooperative play Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cognitive Play Categories Functional play simple, repetitive motor movements with or without objects Constructive play creating or constructing something Make-believe play acting out everyday and imaginative roles Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Early Childhood Friendships Someone “who likes you,” plays with you, shares toys Friendships change frequently. Friends more reinforcing, emotionally expressive than nonfriends Friendship provides social support. The ease in acquiring friends predicts later achievement behaviors. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Perspectives on Moral Development Psychoanalytic Freud: superego and guilt today: induction, empathy-based guilt Social learning modeling moral behavior Cognitive-developmental children as active thinkers about social rules Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Good Characteristics of Good Models of Moral Behavior Warmth and responsiveness Competence and power Consistency between words and behavior Absolute Family Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Punishment in Early Childhood Frequent and harsh physical punishment has undesirable and negative side effects. Alternatives to harsh punishment time out withdrawing privileges positive discipline How parents can increase the effectiveness of punishment consistency warm parent–child relationship explanations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Positive Discipline Use transgressions as opportunities to teach. Reduce opportunities for misbehavior. Provide reasons for rules. Have children participate in family duties and routines. Try compromising and problem solving. Encourage mature behavior. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Moral Imperatives, Social Conventions, and Personal Choice actions that protect people’s rights and welfare Social conventions customs determined solely by social consensus Matters of personal choice do not violate rights not socially regulated up to the individual Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Aggression Proactive/Instrumental meant to help the child get something he or she wants Reactive/Hostile meant to hurt someone else ©Cheryl Casey/Dreamstime.com Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Hostile Aggression How the Harm Is Caused Direct or Indirect? Physical physical injury either Verbal threats of physical aggression name-calling teasing always direct Relational social exclusion malicious gossip friendship manipulation Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sources of Aggression Individual differences gender temperament Family harsh, inconsistent discipline cycles of discipline, whining/giving in Media violence Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Dangers of Media Violence Most television shows contain violent scenes. Short-term problems with parents, peers Long-term link to aggressive behavior Sparks hostile thoughts and behaviors “Hardens” children to aggression Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Helping Control Aggression Pair commands with reasons. Avoid “giving in.” Avoid verbal insults and physical punishment. time-out withdraw privileges Engage in social problem-solving training. Reduce family stress. Regulate exposure to media violence. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Gender Stereotypes in Early Childhood Begin around 18 months men: sharp, rough women: soft, round Strengthen and become rigid through early childhood divide toys, clothing, tools, jobs, games, emotions, and more by gender One-sided judgments are a joint product of gender stereotyping in environment and cognitive limitations. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Influences on Gender Typing Genetic evolutionary adaptiveness hormones Environmental family teachers peers broader social environment RubberBall Productions Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Theories of Gender Identity Social learning Behavior leads to gender identity. Cognitive-developmental Self-perceptions (gender constancy) come before behavior. Gender schema combines social learning and cognitive-developmental theories Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reducing Gender Stereotyping Delay exposure to stereotyping. Limit traditional family gender roles. Provide nontraditional models. Encourage flexible beliefs. Family Life Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Child-Rearing Styles Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Uninvolved ©Rohit Seth/Dreamstime.com Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of Child-Rearing Styles Acceptance Involvement Control Autonomy Authoritative high adaptive appropriate Authoritarian low Permissive too low or too high Uninvolved indifference Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Forms of Discipline Reinforcement and Punishment Children usually learn from reinforcement for good behavior versus punishment External reinforcers may be tangible (candy) and intangible (smile) Child must see it as rewarding Consistent Eventually, move to internal reward- sense of accomplishment and pride Also denial of privileges can be used

Forms of Discipline Punishment, if consistent, immediate, and clearly tied to the offense, may be effective. Administer calmly, in private, aimed at eliciting compliance, not guilt, along with short explanation   Corporal punishment Use of physical force with intention of causing a child to experience pain, not for injury, purpose of correction or control of child’s behavior.

Forms of Discipline Spanking, hitting, pinching, shaking   Mostly used with aggressive children; hard to manage child; characteristics of a genetic basis. Must be loving parents and not result in serious injury However, evidence suggests that it has serious negative consequences and should not be used!

Power Assertion, Induction, and Withdrawal of Love Power Assertion: intended to stop undesirable behavior though physical or verbal enforcement of parental control; includes demands, threats, withdrawal of privileges, spankings. Generally induces fear. Least effective.   Induction: encourage desirable behavior (or discourage undesirable behavior) by reasoning with child; includes setting limits, demonstrating logical consequences, explaining, discussion, getting ideas from child about what is fair. Most effective.

Power Assertion, Induction, and Withdrawal of Love Withdrawal of Love: may include ignoring, isolating, showing dislike for child.   Psychological Aggression Verbal attacks that may result in psychological harm; yelling, screaming, swearing, threatening to spank, threatening to kick out of house. Occurs in at least 2/10 households, likely 4-5/10 20% parents of toddlers engage in 50% among parents of teens

Parenting Styles Authoritarian High on control but low on responsiveness Characterized by low warmth Little positive involvement with their children Set rigid rules Discipline harshly Expect obey because of parental authority

Parenting Styles Authoritative Show warm, responsive involvement Set appropriate and clear standards Communicate openly Provide rationale for rules Show respect for children’s rights and opinions Encourage autonomy and independence, resulting in social competence

Parenting Styles Permissive-Indulgent Highly warm and responsive Place few demands or expectations Rules that exist are not clearly communicated or enforced so children left to make own decisions and regulate own behavior

Parenting Styles Permissive-Indifferent Leave children alone to make their own decisions and control own behavior Place few demands, neglectful Appearing emotionally detached, show little or no involvement in their children’s lives

Consequences of Parenting Styles (Baumrind) Authoritative: Self-reliance Social responsibility Higher levels of achievement Authoritarian: Social incompetence Anxiety about social comparison Failure to show initiative Poor communication skills Lower school performance Lower self-esteem

Consequences of Parenting Styles (Baumrind) Permissive-indulgent: Expect to get their own way Show little respect for others Never learn to control their own behavior Lower school performance Permissive-Indifferent: Social incompetence Lack of self-control However, no one right way to raise children. Cause-effect not demonstrated (e.g., parent style causing child’s incompetence- consider innate factors, temperament)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Maltreatment Physical abuse Sexual abuse Neglect Emotional abuse ©Jennifer Russell/Dreamstime.com Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Factors Related to Child Maltreatment Parent characteristics Child characteristics Family characteristics Community Culture ©Photobunnyuk/Dreamstime.com Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consequences of Child Maltreatment Emotional problems poor emotional self-regulation depression School, learning problems Brain damage Adjustment difficulties aggression peer problems substance abuse delinquency Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Preventing Child Maltreatment Training high-risk parents Social supports for families Parents Anonymous home visitation Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.