Warmup What was the Mandate of Heaven, and which civilization believed in it?

 Arose in the North China  Along Yellow River  Between Ordos Bulge and Mouth of Yellow River  Evidence  Many records, material remains discovered  Bronze metallurgy, monopolized by elite  Vast network of walled towns  Agricultural surpluses supported large troops  Shang Society  Shang-kings were warriors  Constant struggle with nobles for power  The Shang capital moved six times  Small Shang elite ruled large common population  Lavish tombs of Shang kings  Contained chariots, weapons, bronze goods  Sacrificial human victims, dogs, horses

 The right to rule granted by heaven  Zhou justified their overthrow of Shang  Ruler called "the son of heaven"  Only given to virtuous, strong rulers  To lose mandate = someone else should rule  Replacement of dynasties = Dynastic Cycle  Signs one had lost mandate  Corruption, heavy taxes  Lazy officials and rulers  Revolts, invasions, civil wars, crime  Natural disasters  Society develops bad morals, habits

 The rise of the Zhou  The last Shang king was a bad ruler  The Zhou forces toppled the Shang  Political organization  Adopted decentralized administration  Used princes and relatives to rule regions  Consequences  Weak central government with ceremonial functions  Rise of regional powers; often called feudalism  Constant rivalry between warring families, nobles

Bantu Migrations, BCE Bantu: means “ people ” Originated in what would be modern Nigeria Migration throughout sub-Saharan regions –Population pressures Over 500 variations of original Bantu language –90 million speakers –Similar to Indo-Europeans in that they spread language as they moved. By 1000 BCE, occupied most of Africa south of the equator

Bantu Migrations, 2000 BCE-1000 CE

Bantu Migration

In Africa, why more of this… …and less of this?

Bantu Religions Evidence of early monotheism Deistic views as well –Prayers to intercessors, e.g. ancestor spirits Great variations among populations

American Civilizations Chavin Olmecs

How did they compare to other civilizations? Similar Polytheistic Metallurgy Formed cities Different Didn’t develop in a river valleys Cultivated Maize (corn) Domesticated llamas

Chavin