PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 10 Blood

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Med Terms  Agglutin - glued  Anti - against  Bil - Bile  Cyte - Cell  Erythr- Red  Hem - Blood  Leuko - White  -osis - condition  -sta - halt  Thromb - clot

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood  The only fluid tissue in the human body  Three to four times more viscous than water  Connective tissue  Components of blood  Hematocrit (the living cells)  Plasma (non-living matrix)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood  If blood is centrifuged  Erythrocytes sink to the bottom (45% of blood, a percentage known as the hematocrit)  Buffy coat contains leukocytes and platelets (less than 1% of blood)  Buffy coat is a thin, whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma  Plasma rises to the top (55% of blood)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Plasma  Composed of approximately 90% water  Includes many dissolved substances  Nutrients  Salts (electrolytes)  Respiratory gases  Hormones  Plasma proteins  Waste products

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.1 (1 of 2) Blood

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.1 (2 of 2) Blood

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Erythrocytes (red blood cells or RBCs)  Main function is to carry oxygen  Anatomy:  Biconcave disks  Essentially bags of hemoglobin  Shape determines function:  Close access to hemoglobin

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemoglobin  Iron-containing protein  Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen  Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites  Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physical Characteristics of Blood  Color range  Oxyhemoglobin blood is scarlet red  Deoxyhemoglobin blood is dull red  In a healthy man, blood volume is about 5–6 liters or about 6 quarts  Blood makes up 8% of body weight

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Red Blood Cells  Nucleus when born; No nucleus when mature  Contain very few organelles  Unable to divide or grow, or synthesize proteins

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RBC Destruction  When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver  Can self-destruct when moving through arteries

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Life Cycle of a RBC  Formation of RBCs in the bones from absorbed vitamins  Circulation through the body  Enzymes in the liver recognize and destroy worn out RBCs  Heme from hemoglobin becomes biliverdin  Biliverdin + Iron = bilirubin  Bilirubin is excreted in the bile  DCL!  Physiologic jaundice results in infants in which the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Red Blood Cell Production  Produced in the bone marrow  Wear out in 100 to 120 days  Production rates depend on the amount of oxygen in the kidneys  All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control of Erythrocyte Production Figure 10.5 Reduced O 2 levels in blood Stimulus: Decreased RBC count, decreased availability of O 2 to blood, or increased tissue demands for O 2 Increased O 2 - carrying ability of blood Erythropoietin stimulates Kidney releases erythropoietin Enhanced erythropoiesis Red bone marrow More RBCs Normal blood oxygen levels Imbalance

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dietary Factors  B-complex vitamins  B 12  Folic Acid  Iron Sources  Destroyed RBC parts are recirculated  Diet

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RBC Diseases  Sickle cell anemia (SCA) results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin  Anemia is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.3 Sickle Cell Anemia

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Formed Elements  Erythrocytes  Red blood cells (RBCs)  Leukocytes  White blood cells (WBCs)  Platelets  Cell fragments

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Photomicrograph of a Blood Smear Figure 10.2

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Leukocytes (white blood cells or WBCs)  Crucial in the body’s defense against disease  All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast)  Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis)  4,000 to 11,000 WBC per cubic millimeter of blood

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements  Types of leukocytes  Granulocytes  Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained  Possess lobed nuclei  Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils  Agranulocytes  Lack visible cytoplasmic granules  Nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped  Include lymphocytes and monocytes

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.4 Hematopoiesis

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements  List of the WBCs from most to least abundant  Neutrophils  Lymphocytes  Monocytes  Eosinophils  Basophils  Easy way to remember this list  Never  Let  Monkeys  Eat  Bananas

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Leukocytes  Capable of amoeboid movement  Allows WBCs to leave the blood stream and attack foreign substances within the tissues

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Formed Elements  Types of granulocytes  Neutrophils  Multilobed nucleus with fine granules  Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection  Eosinophils  Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules  Found in response to allergies and parasitic worms

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements  Types of granulocytes (continued)  Basophils  Have histamine-containing granules  Initiate inflammation

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements  Types of agranulocytes  Lymphocytes  Nucleus fills most of the cell  Play an important role in the immune response  Monocytes  Largest of the white blood cells  Function as macrophages  Important in fighting chronic infection

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.4 Hematopoiesis

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements  Abnormal numbers of leukocytes  Leukocytosis  WBC count above 11,000 leukocytes/mm 3  Generally indicates an infection  Leukopenia  Abnormally low leukocyte level  Commonly caused by certain drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents  Leukemia  Bone marrow becomes cancerous, turns out excess WBC

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements  Platelets (Thrombocytes)  Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)  Needed for the clotting process  Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm 3

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemostasis  Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel  Can exhibit amoeboid movement also to clot damaged tissues

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemostasis Figure 10.7

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Plasma  92% Water  Contains  Albumins  Globulins  Fibrinogen

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of Plasma Proteins  Albumin  Maintains osmotic pressure in the vessels  Globulins  Transport lipids and vitamins  Fibrinogen  Blood coagulation

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other Gases in the Plasma  Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide  Nitrogen

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other Components of Plasma  Glucose  Amino Acids  Fats  Phospholipids  Cholesterol  Triglycerides  Low-density lipoproteins LDLs  High-density lipoproteins HDLs  Urea

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Undesirable Clotting  Thrombus  A blood clot  Can be deadly  Embolus  A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bleeding Disorders  Thrombocytopenia  Platelet deficiency  Hemophilia  Hereditary bleeding disorder  Normal clotting factors are missing