Cellular World

The Three Domains EukaryaArchaeaBacteria Kingdoms: Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Kingdoms: Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista “Extremophiles” Bacteria Cyanobacteria Bacteria Cyanobacteria Eukaryotic: cells have a nucleus Eukaryotic: cells have a nucleus Prokaryotic: cells have no nucleus Prokaryotic: cells have no nucleus

Prokaryotic cells

Bacterial structure Bacteria have no nucleus, but do have: a cell membrane a cell wall a capsule flagellae or cillia DNA Bacteria have no nucleus, but do have: a cell membrane a cell wall a capsule flagellae or cillia DNA

Escherischia coli E. coli is a well- known gut bacteria that can also cause infections. Like all prokaryotes, it has no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles, but is highly adaptable. E. coli is a well- known gut bacteria that can also cause infections. Like all prokaryotes, it has no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles, but is highly adaptable.

E. coli The “hot dog” shape is a typical “bacillius” form. Bacteria can also be round (“cocci”) or spiral-shaped (“spirilli”). The “hot dog” shape is a typical “bacillius” form. Bacteria can also be round (“cocci”) or spiral-shaped (“spirilli”).

E. coli In this photo, you can see the bacterial DNA coiled up in the center of the organism. Bacterial DNA forms one long loop rather than strands. Small loops (“plasmids”) can be shared between bacteria. In this photo, you can see the bacterial DNA coiled up in the center of the organism. Bacterial DNA forms one long loop rather than strands. Small loops (“plasmids”) can be shared between bacteria.

Cyanobacteria These are photsynthetic bacteria that gather in long strands. Cyanobacteria were probably the first photosynthetic organisms on the planet. These are photsynthetic bacteria that gather in long strands. Cyanobacteria were probably the first photosynthetic organisms on the planet.

Eukaryotic cells

Eukarya Eukaryotic cells, like this amoeba contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The cell’s DNA is contained inside the membrane-bound nucleus. Eukaryotic cells, like this amoeba contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The cell’s DNA is contained inside the membrane-bound nucleus.

Eukarya Paramecium, like Amoeba, is a self-contained, single-celled eukaryotic organism.

Eukarya Volvox, a colonial alga, is composed of many single- celled algae clumped together.

Eukarya In multi-cellular Eukarya, cells take on specialized functions. These flat, short- lived cells are from the inside of someone’s cheek. In multi-cellular Eukarya, cells take on specialized functions. These flat, short- lived cells are from the inside of someone’s cheek.

Eukarya This scanning electron micrograph shows human bone marrow cells. Proteins on the surface stick the cells together and help the body identify cells. This scanning electron micrograph shows human bone marrow cells. Proteins on the surface stick the cells together and help the body identify cells.

Cell Structure

Animal Cell

Plasma Membrane

Nucleus The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell. The nucleus directs cell processes by transcribing genes and sending RNA instructions out to the rest of the cell. The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell. The nucleus directs cell processes by transcribing genes and sending RNA instructions out to the rest of the cell.

Nuclear Structure

Nucleus Nuclei in onion skin cells. Nucleus with chromosomes in onion root tip.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) RNA from the nucleus travels into the ER. There the RNA is “read” and the instructions are used to manufacture proteins. RNA from the nucleus travels into the ER. There the RNA is “read” and the instructions are used to manufacture proteins.

Golgi Apparatus The Golgi bodies package materials made in the ER. Vesicles containing products break off and float away to deliver their contents. The Golgi bodies package materials made in the ER. Vesicles containing products break off and float away to deliver their contents.

Lysosomes Lysosomes “eat” up waste products, digest them, and recycle the molecules. Lysosomes can also make a cell “self- destruct.” Lysosomes “eat” up waste products, digest them, and recycle the molecules. Lysosomes can also make a cell “self- destruct.”

Mitochondria The mitochondria are the “power houses” of the cell. Mitochondria use oxygen to extract energy from carbon compounds. The mitochondria are the “power houses” of the cell. Mitochondria use oxygen to extract energy from carbon compounds.

Animal Cell Review

Plant Cell

The plant cell has everything an animal cell has except lysosomes. The plant cell also has a cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts. The plant cell has everything an animal cell has except lysosomes. The plant cell also has a cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts.

Cell Wall A plant cell wall is composed mostly of cellulose. Pectin, a sticky fiber, “glues” plant cells together. Lignin, a tough fiber, is found in wood. A plant cell wall is composed mostly of cellulose. Pectin, a sticky fiber, “glues” plant cells together. Lignin, a tough fiber, is found in wood.

Cell wall The plant cell wall, like an animal skeleton, holds the organism upright. Cell walls also protect cells and help control movement of molecules between cells. The plant cell wall, like an animal skeleton, holds the organism upright. Cell walls also protect cells and help control movement of molecules between cells.

Vacuole A large central vacuole serves as a storage tank. The vacuole also serves some of the functions of a lysosome. A large central vacuole serves as a storage tank. The vacuole also serves some of the functions of a lysosome.

Chloroplast The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts collect light energy and use it to manufacture sugars. The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts collect light energy and use it to manufacture sugars.

Chloroplast This electron micrograph shows the multi-layered structures inside the chloroplast.

Chloroplast Sugars made by photosynthesis are used: 1) for the plant’s own metabolism 2) to make complex carbohydrates and amino acids.

Endosymbiosis Theory Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA that resembles bacterial DNA, and have bacteria- like membranes. Some scientists now view mitochondria and chloroplasts as symbiotic organisms. Endosymbiosis theory may help explain how eukaryotic cells evolved. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA that resembles bacterial DNA, and have bacteria- like membranes. Some scientists now view mitochondria and chloroplasts as symbiotic organisms. Endosymbiosis theory may help explain how eukaryotic cells evolved.

Plant cell review

Structure Determines Function