Cultural Survival The increased contact among cultures has created increased possibilities for the domination of one group by another, through various means. The increased contact among cultures has created increased possibilities for the domination of one group by another, through various means. Development and Environmentalism Development and Environmentalism Currently, domination comes most frequently in the form of core-based multinational corporations causing economic change in Third World cultures. Currently, domination comes most frequently in the form of core-based multinational corporations causing economic change in Third World cultures. It is noted that even well-intentioned interference (such as the environmentalist movement) may be treated as a form of cultural domination by subject populations. It is noted that even well-intentioned interference (such as the environmentalist movement) may be treated as a form of cultural domination by subject populations.

Culture Clash Two sources of culture clash: Two sources of culture clash: When development threatens indigenous peoples and their environments (e.g., Brazil and New Guinea). When development threatens indigenous peoples and their environments (e.g., Brazil and New Guinea). When external relations threaten indigenous peoples (e.g., Madagascar, where sweeping international environmental regulations affect traditional subsistence life-ways). When external relations threaten indigenous peoples (e.g., Madagascar, where sweeping international environmental regulations affect traditional subsistence life-ways).

Resistance and Survival Variation within Systems of Domination Variation within Systems of Domination Scott (1990) differentiates between public and hidden transcripts of culturally and politically oppressed peoples. Scott (1990) differentiates between public and hidden transcripts of culturally and politically oppressed peoples. Public transcript refers to the open, public interactions between dominators and the oppressed. Public transcript refers to the open, public interactions between dominators and the oppressed. Hidden transcript refers to the critique of power that goes on offstage, where the dominators cannot see it. Hidden transcript refers to the critique of power that goes on offstage, where the dominators cannot see it. Gramsci ’ s (1971) notion of hegemony applies to a politically hierarchical system wherein in the dominant ideology of the elites has been internalized by members of the lower classes. Gramsci ’ s (1971) notion of hegemony applies to a politically hierarchical system wherein in the dominant ideology of the elites has been internalized by members of the lower classes. Bourdieu (1977) and Foucault (1979) argue that it is much easier to control people's minds than try to control their bodies. Bourdieu (1977) and Foucault (1979) argue that it is much easier to control people's minds than try to control their bodies.

Weapons of the Weak As James Scott ’ s (Weapons of the Weak 1990) work on Malay peasants suggests, oppressed groups may use subtle, nonconfrontational methods to resist various forms of domination. As James Scott ’ s (Weapons of the Weak 1990) work on Malay peasants suggests, oppressed groups may use subtle, nonconfrontational methods to resist various forms of domination. Malay peasants protest the introduction of combine harvesters, steal things, and kill animals. Malay peasants protest the introduction of combine harvesters, steal things, and kill animals. Examples of antiauthoritarian discourse include rituals (e.g., Carnaval) and folk literature. Examples of antiauthoritarian discourse include rituals (e.g., Carnaval) and folk literature. Resistance is more likely to be public when the oppressed come together in groups (hence the antiassembly laws of the antebellum South). Resistance is more likely to be public when the oppressed come together in groups (hence the antiassembly laws of the antebellum South).

Cultural Survival and Tourism s/kakum.htm s/kakum.htm s/kakum.htm s/kakum.htm m m m m

Cultural Imperialism Cultural imperialism refers to the spread of one culture at the expense of others usually because of differential economic or political influence. Cultural imperialism refers to the spread of one culture at the expense of others usually because of differential economic or political influence. While mass media and related technology have contributed to the erosion of local cultures, they are increasingly being used as media for the outward diffusion of local cultures (e.g., television in Brazil). While mass media and related technology have contributed to the erosion of local cultures, they are increasingly being used as media for the outward diffusion of local cultures (e.g., television in Brazil). E.G. Satellite Dreaming-Australian Aborigines E.G. Satellite Dreaming-Australian Aborigines The Broadcasting in Remote Aboriginal Communities Scheme (BRACS) enables Aboriginal communities to intercept incoming satellite signals from the ABC and substitute locally produced programming [Venner 1988, pp 37-43]. On mainstream television, Aboriginal windows provide limited episode current affairs programming for Aboriginal audiences. The Broadcasting in Remote Aboriginal Communities Scheme (BRACS) enables Aboriginal communities to intercept incoming satellite signals from the ABC and substitute locally produced programming [Venner 1988, pp 37-43]. On mainstream television, Aboriginal windows provide limited episode current affairs programming for Aboriginal audiences.

Popular Culture According to Fiske (1989), each individual's use of popular culture is a creative act. According to Fiske (1989), each individual's use of popular culture is a creative act. Popular culture can be used to express resistance. Popular culture can be used to express resistance. Popular Culture is not simply a passive reception of “mass” produced cultural goods.

Indigenizing Popular Culture Cultural forms exported from one culture to another do not necessarily carry the same meaning from the former context to the latter context. Cultural forms exported from one culture to another do not necessarily carry the same meaning from the former context to the latter context. Aboriginal interpretations of the movie Rambo demonstrate that meaning can be produced from a text, not by a text. Aboriginal interpretations of the movie Rambo demonstrate that meaning can be produced from a text, not by a text. Appadurai ’ s analysis of Philippine indigenization of some American music forms demonstrates the uniqueness of the indigenized form. Appadurai ’ s analysis of Philippine indigenization of some American music forms demonstrates the uniqueness of the indigenized form.

A World System of Images Mass media can spread and create national and ethnic identities. Mass media can spread and create national and ethnic identities. Cross-cultural studies show that locally produced television shows are preferred to foreign imports. Cross-cultural studies show that locally produced television shows are preferred to foreign imports. Mass media plays an important role in maintaining ethnic and national identities among people who lead transnational lives. Mass media plays an important role in maintaining ethnic and national identities among people who lead transnational lives.

Transnational Culture of Consumption As with mass media, the flow of capital has become decentralized, carrying with it the cultural influences of many different sources (e.g., the United States, Japan, Britain, Canada, Germany). As with mass media, the flow of capital has become decentralized, carrying with it the cultural influences of many different sources (e.g., the United States, Japan, Britain, Canada, Germany). Migrant labor also contributes to cultural diffusion. Migrant labor also contributes to cultural diffusion.

Postmodernism Postmodernity describes our time and situation-- today ’ s world in flux, these people on the move who have learned to manage multiple identities depending on place and context. Postmodernity describes our time and situation-- today ’ s world in flux, these people on the move who have learned to manage multiple identities depending on place and context. Postmodern refers to the collapsing of old distinctions, rules, canons, and the like. Postmodern refers to the collapsing of old distinctions, rules, canons, and the like. Postmodernism (derived from the architectural style) refers to the theoretical assertion and acceptance of multiple forms of rightness, in contradistinction to modernism, which was based in the assumed supremacy of Western technology and values. Postmodernism (derived from the architectural style) refers to the theoretical assertion and acceptance of multiple forms of rightness, in contradistinction to modernism, which was based in the assumed supremacy of Western technology and values.

Globalization Globalization refers to the increasing connectedness of the world and its peoples. Globalization refers to the increasing connectedness of the world and its peoples. With this connectedness, however, come new bases for identities (e.g., the Panindian identity growing among formerly disparate tribes). With this connectedness, however, come new bases for identities (e.g., the Panindian identity growing among formerly disparate tribes). Postmodern moments refers to a series of personal examples bearing out global linkages. Postmodern moments refers to a series of personal examples bearing out global linkages.

The Continuance of Diversity Anthropology has a crucial role to play in promoting a more humanistic vision of social change, one that respects the value of cultural diversity. Anthropology has a crucial role to play in promoting a more humanistic vision of social change, one that respects the value of cultural diversity. The existence of anthropology is itself a tribute to the continuing need to understand social and cultural similarities and differences. The existence of anthropology is itself a tribute to the continuing need to understand social and cultural similarities and differences.

Cultural Survival

Effects of Anthropology If anthro is so super, why no bigger effect? If anthro is so super, why no bigger effect? more research than applied work. more research than applied work. things published in Social Science Journal does not have much effect on Policy makers. things published in Social Science Journal does not have much effect on Policy makers. Conflict between Policy and Anthros Conflict between Policy and Anthros Cult. relativism and holism important to anthros but not the govt. Cult. relativism and holism important to anthros but not the govt. Anthro studies take a long time, govt. want answers right away. Anthro studies take a long time, govt. want answers right away. Tensions between anthro ethics and govt. Tensions between anthro ethics and govt.

Growing Areas of Anthropology Medical Anthropology Medical Anthropology brings together biological and cultural aspects of health and medicine. brings together biological and cultural aspects of health and medicine. *i.e. We know the scientific name of tuberculosis is Myobacterium tuberculosis, but poverty and malnutrition are the main contributing factors. *i.e. We know the scientific name of tuberculosis is Myobacterium tuberculosis, but poverty and malnutrition are the main contributing factors. Diseases are always experienced by people as mediated by their culture. Diseases are always experienced by people as mediated by their culture. *i.e. the stigma attached to Aids. *i.e. the stigma attached to Aids. Development Anthropology Development Anthropology concerned primarily with poverty, environment, disease, malnutrition, gender inequity, and ethnic conflict. concerned primarily with poverty, environment, disease, malnutrition, gender inequity, and ethnic conflict. Understand nature of development. Understand nature of development. Importance of long-term research. Importance of long-term research. Sensitivity to environmental issues Sensitivity to environmental issues