Ethnicity is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Ethnicity is a source of pride for many people. Ethnicity is learned.

Where are Ethnicities Distributed? Distribution of Ethnicities in the U. S. –Latinos, African Americans, Asian, American Indian Regional Concentrations of Ethnicities –African Americans in the Southeast –Latinos in the Southwest –Asians in the West –American Indians in the Mid-west

Where are Ethnicities Distributed? Concentration of Ethnicities in Cities –African Americans clustered in cities –Latinos are in New York, Los Angeles, El Paso, and San Antonio –White Ethnics have mostly left large cities for the suburbs

Where are Ethnicities Distributed? African American Migration Patterns –Forced migration from Africa Slavery in America Spanish and Portuguese slave traders Triangle Trade American Civil War Sharecroppers

Where are Ethnicities Distributed? African American Migration Patterns –Immigration to the North Jobs in the North Migration Channels WWI and WWII Auto Industry

Where are Ethnicities Distributed? African American Migration Patterns –Expansion of the Ghetto Moved into areas where others lived High Density Whites Moved to other neighborhoods.

Where are Ethnicities Distributed? Differentiating Ethnicity and Race –Race is defined as the traits that can be transmitted genetically from parents to children. –Race is BIOLOGICAL –Racism is the belief that a single race of people is superior to all others. –A racist is one who believes his/her group is superior to all others.

Where are Ethnicities Distributed? Race in the United States –Separate but Equal Plessy v. Ferguson Jim Crow Laws –“White Flight” Brown v. Board of Education Integration Blockbusting

Where are Ethnicities Distributed? Division by Race in South Africa –Apartheid System Apartheid the physical separation of races into different geographic areas. –Determined jobs and education based on race –Problems started with the Dutch –Continued with the English –Afrikaners created Apartheid in 1948 –Repealed Apartheid laws in 1991 –Nelson Mandela –Today whites make more money than blacks

Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? Rise of Nationalities –Nationality is identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country –Every citizen living the U.S. is American –Some people value ethnicity more than nationality –Quebecois in Canada, consider themselves a nationality

Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? Nation-States –Self-determination is the right of a group to govern themselves. –A nation-state is a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? Nation-States in Europe –Go to war for your country or your king? –By 1900 most of western Europe was divided into nation-states –1930’s Hitler was unifying German speaking people, until he invaded Poland. Denmark: no perfect nation-state –Danish language, nearly all live in Denmark –Southern Denmark is Danish and German –Greenland and the Faeroe Islands

Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? Nationalism –Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a nationality. –Flags create nationalism –Creation of national anthems –Centripetal force: an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.

Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? Multinational States –A multi-ethnic state is a state that contains more than one ethnicity –A Multinational state contains at least two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities –A multinational state contains two or more nationalities with traditions of self-determination –United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland is a multinational state

Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? Former Soviet Union: the largest multinational state –15 republics created “the Iron Curtain” –Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are new Baltic nation-states –Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine are new European Nation-states –Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan are new central Asian Nation-states

Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? Russia: now the largest multinational state –39 different nationalities within Russia –Most want some autonomy –Chechens and Chechnya –Russians now living in former republic states feel they are being discriminated against. –Most cannot return to Russia because they have NOTHING there.

Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? Turmoil in the Caucasus –Lots of ethnicities, each with a long list of grievances against the other ethnicities. –Azeris in Azerbaijani –Armenians in Armenia –Georgians in Georgia

Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? Revival of Ethnic Identity –Ethnicity and Communism Pressure to conform Economic and political goals come first Did not completely suppress ethnic differences –Rebirth of nationalism in Eastern Europe Fall of communism created the chance for suppressed groups stand up Break up of the Soviet Union saw the creation of Nation states Problems for groups not big enough to form a nation

Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality –Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa Ethiopia and Eritrea –Italy captured Ethiopia during WWII –Made Eritrea a part of Ethiopia –Ethiopia and Eritrea had a war for 30 years –Eritrea is its own country. Multi-ethnic divided on many levels –Ethiopia is multi-ethnic and divided on many levels.

Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality –Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa Sudan –Civil war since the 1980s between Christians and animists –Strict laws to keep the sexes apart –Religious based civil war caused 2 million deaths –Darfur

Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality –Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa Somalia –Six different clans –Somalian national government collapsed –Islamist militias have restored order to Somalia

Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Ethnic Competition in Lebanon –Civil war between Christians, Sunnis, Shiites, and Druze –Each group formed a militia to protect their territory –Israel, The United States, and Syria have tried to put an end to the war.

Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Dividing Ethnicities Among More Than One State –Ethnicities in South Asia East and West Pakistan Muslim areas India is Hindu Gandhi Forced migration both Hindu and Muslim Ethnic Disputes –Pakistan and India never agreed on a boundary –Sikhs think they should have their own country

Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Dividing Sri Lanka Among Ethnicities –Sinhalese vs. Tamils Sinhalese are Buddhists Tamils are Hindus Sinhalese have dominated commerce and government Tamils feel they suffer discrimination

What is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia –Ethnic Cleansing is a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. –The idea is to rid an area of an ethnicity so the surviving ethnic group can be the sole inhabitants. –Has been especially prominent in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo

What is Ethnic Cleansing? Creation of Multi-ethnic Yugoslavia –Problems have existed in the Balkan peninsula for a long time. –Yugoslavia was created to unite several Balkan ethnicities –Josip Broz Tito governed Yugoslavia from 1953 to 1980 and brought stability to the region.

What is Ethnic Cleansing? Destruction of Multi-ethnic Yugoslavia –After Tito died in 1980, Yugoslavia broke apart. –The local governments fought to redefine the boundaries of each new country Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia –Five new countries and none of them was Bosnia. –Bosnian Serbs tried to cleanse Bosnian Muslims –It worked, the Serbs got more land.

What is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo –Kosovo is a province in Serbia –Ethnic Albanians lived there –The Serbs tried to cleanse the land of Albanians –NATO stepped in and stopped the cleansing Balkanization –The process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities –Peace in the Balkans could mean that ethnic cleansing “Worked”

What is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa –Hutus and Tutsis Hutus were farmers, the Tutsis were cattle herders Tutsis took over and made the Hutus serfs Rwanda got independence in –Hutus ethnically cleansed the Tutsis –Tutsis fought back and kicked out the Hutus –The Hutus fled to neighboring countries including Congo –Tutsis in Congo (Zaire) were forced out of the country by the president Joseph Mobutu –In the late 1990s the war between the Tutsis and Hutus had spilled from Rwanda to countries around Rwanda.