Rebellion, Revolution and Regicide Gabriel Glickman

Mark Kishlansky, ‘The war created radicalism. Radicalism did not create the war’. (Current revisionist stress on unintended consequences).

Scotland War in Scotland significant because English Parliament has allied with Covenanting Committee of Estates – shared commitment to Presbyterian religious reform. War brings national political and religious conflict into contact with clash of Lowlands and Highlands. Pattern of conflict influenced by Highland clan rivalries.

James Graham, Marquis of Montrose ( )

Ireland War brings out older political, cultural, ethnic and religious conflicts. Catholic successes – Confederate leaders try and reshape 1641 rebellion as a commitment to royalist cause. Protestantism in Ireland fragments along political lines. Scottish Presbyterians in Ulster separate from Protestant armies in south.

– Conflict splits the Catholic Confederacy Deeper issues caught up in the clash between Mountgarret and Rinuccini/ O’Neill Question of whether Catholics are fighting primarily for Charles I or for the international Counter- Reformation. Question of Ireland’s relationship to the English Crown. Hint of ethnic conflict – royalist ‘Old English’ vs radicalised Ulster Gaels.

‘First Civil War’- key dates August 1642 – Charles I raises royal standard at Nottingham. October 1642 – Battle of Edgehill - a stalemate. June 1644 – Parliamentary victory at battle of Marston Moor: largest engagement of the war. June 1645 – Battle of Naseby – major parliamentary victory. September 1645 – Montrose and Scottish royalists crushed at battle of Philiphaugh. April 1646 – Charles forced to flee after siege of Oxford. May1646 – Charles I surrenders to the Scots and enters their custody. 30 January 1647 – Charles I surrendered by the Scots to the English Parliamentary commissioners.

Oliver Cromwell ( )

Army Representation, June 1647 ‘We were not a mere mercenary army, hired to serve any arbitrary power of a state, but called forth and conjured by the several declarations of Parliament to the defence of our own and the People's just Rights and Liberties...’

Rival settlement proposals Army ‘Heads of the Proposals’ vs Parliamentary ‘Newcastle Propositions’. Army leaders aim for moderate settlement proposal – main concern is soldiers’ rights. Concentrate on call for more frequent parliaments rather than decreasing powers of king – even prepared to accept continuance of bishops with reduced powers. Shows that Cromwell at this point not yet a radical figure.

The ‘Second Civil War’, December Charles signs Engagement with Scots. April – Royalist riots in London and Norwich. 8 May– defeat of Welsh royalist army at St Fagans. 21 May – royalist uprising against Parliament in Kent: defeated at Maidstone, June 21 st. 4 June – royalist rising breaks out in Essex. 8 June – Scottish army crosses the border. 17 August – defeat of the Scots by Cromwell at Preston. 27 August – surrender of the Colchester garrison to Thomas Fairfax.

Oliver Cromwell to Colonel Robert Hammond, 25 November 1648: ‘Our fleshly reasonings ensnare us... My dear friend let us look into providences, surely they mean somewhat, they hang so together, have been so constant, so clear and unclouded’.

Execution of Charles I 30 January 1649