Chapter 19

“Cradle of Humanity”

Olduvai Gorge – northern Tanzania Most continuous known record of humanity Gorge has yielded fossils from 65 individual hominids, or humans Louis and Mary Leakey Discovery of “Lucy”

Ethiopia: A Successful Resistance Successfully resisted Europeans Menelik II – played Italians, French, and British against each other 1896 – Battle of Adowa – Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the Italians and kept their nation independent

1970s – most of East Africa had regained its independence from Europe Internal disputes and civil wars Ex: colonialism inflamed the peoples of Rwanda and helped to cause a bloody conflict in the 1990s. Causes: European colonial powers had not prepared East African nations for independence Ethnic boundaries created by the Europeans forced cultural divisions that had not existed before colonialism. Cultural divisions = internal conflicts among native groups.

Agriculture – economic foundation of East Africa Raw Materials – economic base of most African nations World-famous wildlife parks generate millions of dollars of revenue 70% rural Relied on cash crops – coffee, tea, and sugar, which are grown for direct sale Wildlife parks – Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania

AIDS – has become a pandemic Pandemic – an uncontrollable outbreak of a disease affecting a large population over a wide geographic area AIDS – caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Decline in population by 10 to 20%

Goree Island – busy point for exporting slaves during the slave trade Mid 1500s to the mid 1800s – 20 millions Africans were transported through Goree Island

Stateless Society – people rely on family lineages to govern themselves, rather than an elected government or monarch Members of a stateless society work through their differences to cooperate and share power Example: Igbo of SE Nigeria

Trade is important Economic well-being is based on the sale of its products to industrialized countries in Europe, North America and Asia Ghana’s Stabile Economy Export of gold, diamonds, magnesium, and bauxite Problems in Sierra Leone Worst economic conditions Once produced some of the world’s highest-quality diamonds Years of political instability and civil wars have left the economy in shambles Uneducated population Poor infrastructure (800 miles of roads)

Bantu Migrations 2000 B.C. Bantu people moved southward throughout Africa. On the way they spread their languages and cultures. Key event in Africa’s history Great diversity of cultures 120 million Africans speak one of the hundreds of Bantu languages

15 th century, Portuguese established the island of Sao Tome off the coast of what is now Gabon as the initial base for trade in African captives Slave trade ended in 1870s

1800s – Central Africa consisted of hundreds of different ethnic groups King Leopold II of Belgium – controlled area by 1884 Wanted to open the African interior to European trade along the Congo River This paved the way for the Berlin Conference Berlin Conference – 14 European nations divided Africa between No African ruler invited to attend Only Liberia and Ethiopia remained free

Belgians and French colonized Central Africa Most gained independence in the 1960s, but borders imposed during colonialism posed problems Ethnic regions and traditional enemies were not considered

Countries suffer from a lack of infrastructure Rely on export of raw materials Congo: Huge amounts of natural resources (gold, copper, diamonds) Mobutu Sese Seko – leader of Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1967 to 1997 Brought country’s business under national control Began taking kickbacks in order to profit from reorganization

Zulus Fight the British Shaka – Zulu chief – creates centralized state around 1816 British defeat Zulus and gain control of Zulu nation in 1887 Boers and British Settle in the Cape Boers, or Dutch farmers, Afrikaners, take Africans’ land, establish large farms Boers clash with British over land, slaves Great Trek ( ) moved north to escape British

The Boer War Boer War between British, Boers begins in 1899 British win; Boer republics united in Union of South Africa (1910)

1948 – policy of apartheid – complete separation of the races Banned social contact between blacks and whites and established segregated schools, hospitals, and neighborhoods Blacks 75% Whites 15% Whites received the best land 1912 – African National Congress (ANC) Nelson Mandela emerged as one of the leader of the ANC

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Chapter 20

Building Industries Economy of many African nations is based on the export of raw materials “One-commodity” countries Commodity – an agricultural or mining product that can be sold Example: Diamonds “One-Commodity” nations are unstable

Serious Diseases Cholera – inadequate sanitation and lack of a clean water supply Malaria – infectious disease carried by mosquitos AIDS – often accompanied by tuberculosis (respiratory infection spread between humans 70% of the world’s adult AIDS cases 80% of the world’s children AIDS cases

Uganda and Senegal have had success in reducing the spread of HIV