© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Preview Theories of Motivation Hunger, Obesity, and Eating Disorders Motivation in Everyday Life Emotion Pursuit of Happiness

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Motivation the force that moves people to behave, think, and feel as they do energizes, directs, and sustains behavior

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Theories of Motivation Evolutionary Approach instincts Drive Reduction Theory drives, needs, and homeostasis Optimum Arousal Theory Yerkes-Dodson law overlearning

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Biology of Hunger Gastric signals stomach contractions cholecystokinin (CCK) Blood chemistry glucose insulin leptin

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hunger and the Brain Hypothalamus lateral hypothalamus initiation of hunger and eating ventromedial hypothalamus cessation of hunger and eating Neurotransmitters

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Obesity and Eating Behavior Obesity is widespread. Biology of Overeating genetics set point fat (adipose) cells

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Obesity and Eating Behavior Psychological Factors In the past, the focus was on emotional state external food cues Current research is focusing on time and place cues sugar and fat content

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Disordered Eating Anorexia Nervosa relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation more common among females main characteristics less than 85% of normal weight unsupported fear of gaining weight distorted body image amenorrhea medical dangers and mortality

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Disordered Eating Bulimia Nervosa binge-and-purge more common among females preoccupied with food fearful, depressed, anxious, shame medical dangers

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Disordered Eating Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia sociocultural media images family interactions biological genetics serotonin regulation neurological effects of dieting, binging, purging

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Disordered Eating Binge Eating Disorder recurrent episodes of compulsively eating large amounts of food despite not being hungry, eat quickly to point of discomfort 8% of the obese have BED causes include biological factors (genetics, dopamine, stress)

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs sequence of needs basic needs must be met before higher needs can be satisfied self-actualization (motivation to develop to our fullest potential)

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Self-Determination Theory Three Basic Organismic Needs 1. competence self-efficacy, mastery, expectations for success 2. relatedness warm relations with others, need to belong 3. autonomy independence and self-reliance

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Intrinsic v. Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic Motivation organismic needs + enjoyability key to achievement Extrinsic Motivation incentives (rewards, punishments) Does extrinsic motivation undermine intrinsic motivation?

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Self Regulation Self regulation is the process by which an organism controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives. Goal Setting specific moderately challenging long term purpose short term accomplishment

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Resisting Temptation Delay of Gratification putting off pleasurable experience knowing there will be future payoff distraction helps us resist temptation

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotion a feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression physiological arousal Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System → arouses Parasympathetic Nervous System → calms

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Autonomic Nervous System

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Measuring Arousal skin conductance level polygraph heart rate, breathing, SCL neutral v. target questions results do not reliably detect deception Employee Polygraph Protection Act (1988) fMRI may better detect deception

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory physiological arousal  emotion perception of physiological changes Cannon-Bard Theory emotional and physiological reactions occur simultaneously

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Theories of Emotion

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limbic System: Amygdala fear system: two pathways thalamus ↔ amygdala sensory cortex persistence of emotional memories Cerebral Hemispheres left hemisphere: approach-related emotions right hemisphere: withdrawal-related emotions Emotion and the Brain

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Brain Pathways of Fear

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotion: Cognitive Factors Two-Factor Theory (Schachter/Singer) physiological arousal cognitive labeling arousal  interpret external cues  label emotion

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotion: Factors Emotion is a feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression. The Primacy Debate Which comes first - feeling or thinking? Lazarus: appraisal determines feelings Zajonc: preferences need no inferences

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotion: Factors Emotion is a feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression. Behavioral Factors verbal or nonverbal nonverbal - facial expression, posture, gestures

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotion: Behavioral Factors Identifying Facial Expressions happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear Facial Feedback Hypothesis facial expression can influence emotions supports the James-Lange theory of emotions

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Identifying Emotions

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotion: Sociocultural Factors Comparative Perspectives expression of emotions similar across cultures display rules do vary across cultures Computer Communication  emoticons Gender Influences stereotypes

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Classifying Emotions Valence positive v. negative affect Arousal Level active and engaged v. passive and calm Positive Negative High Ecstasy Fury Low Contentment Boredom

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Adaptive Function of Emotions Negative Emotions take immediate corrective action Positive Emotions broaden-and-build model Resilience positive outlook emotional wisdom

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Pursuit of Happiness Biological Factors genetics set point Obstacles hedonic treadmill direct pursuit can backfire Happiness Activities & Goal Striving altruism, physical activity, positive self-reflection personally meaningful goal investment

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Summary Describe the evolutionary, drive reduction, and optimum arousal theories of motivation. Explain the physiological basis of hunger and the nature of eating behavior. Distinguish the competing theories of emotion. Characterize the range of factors affecting emotions. Classify emotions.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Summary Theories of Motivation drive reduction and optimum arousal theories Hunger biological and psychological influences obesity and eating disorders Non-Biological Theories of Motivation Maslow’s hierarchy self-determination and self regulation intrinsic v. extrinsic motivations

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Summary Emotion physiological arousal James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and two-factor theory nonverbal expression sociocultural factors classifying emotion Pursuit of Happiness