Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress What is motivation? What are the different types of individual needs? What role does reinforcement play in motivation?

Module 37: Motivational Concepts

Drives and Motivations Motivation—the forces within the individual that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work. Reward—a work outcome of positive value to the individual Extrinsic rewards—valued outcomes given to someone by another person. Intrinsic rewards—valued outcomes that occur naturally as a person works on a task.

Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology Instinct (fixed pattern) Instincts in animals Instincts in humans

Drives and Motivations Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive Drive reduction

A Hierarchy of Motives

Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

Module 38: Hunger Motivation

What can hunger motivate human to do? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6DoIzNw4xU

The Physiology of Hunger Contractions of the stomach Washburn study

The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Glucose Insulin Hypothalamus Lateral hypothalamus orexin Vetromedial hypothalamus

The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Appetite hormones Ghrelin Obestatin PYY Leptin Set point Basal metabolic rate

The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain

The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture Genetic: sweet and salty Neophobia Adaptive taste preferences

The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture

The Psychology of Hunger Situational Influences on Eating Do you eat more when eating with others? Unit bias Food variety

Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Set point and metabolism The genetic factor The food and activity factors Social influence

Obesity and Weight Control

Look How Quickly the U.S. Got Fat (1985-2010 Animated Map) http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/04/look-how-quickly-the-us-got-fat-1985-2010-animated-map/274878/

Module 39: Sexual Motivation

The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle Excitement phase Plateau phase Orgasm Resolution phase Refractory period

The Physiology of Sex Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias Erectile disorder Premature ejaculation Female orgasmic disorder (10-15%) Paraphilias Exhibitionism, fetishism, pedophilia

The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior Effects of hormones Development of sexual characteristics Activate sexual behavior Estrogen Testosterone

The Psychology of Sex External stimuli Imagined stimuli Dreams Sexual fantasies

The Psychology of Sex

Module 40: Social Motivation: Affiliation Needs

Introduction Aristotle’s social animal Need to belong – affiliation need

The Benefits of Belonging Enhanced survival How belonging influences our thoughts and emotions Attachment Anxious attachment Insecure avoidant attachment

The Pain of Being Shut Out Ostracism Cyberostracism Anterior cingulate cortex Influences on behavior

Connecting and Social Networking Mobile Networks and Social Media Cell phones Texting and email Facebook and twitter

Have social networking sites made us more, or less, socially isolated? Connecting and Social Networking The Social Effects of Social Networking Have social networking sites made us more, or less, socially isolated? Does electronic communication stimulate healthy self-disclosure? Do social networking profiles and posts reflect people’s actual personalities? Does social networking promote narcissism?

Module 41: Theories and Physiology of Emotion

Cognition and Emotion

Cognition and Emotion Emotions Bodily arousal Expressive behaviors Conscious experience

Cognition and Emotion Historical Emotion Theories Common Sense theory James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory Lower spine injuries High spinal cord injury

Two-factor theory Schachter-Singer Spillover effect Cognition and Emotion Cognition Can Define Emotion: Schachter and Singer Two-factor theory Schachter-Singer Spillover effect

LeDoux’s high and low road Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus Robert Zajonc LeDoux’s high and low road

Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus

Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic nervous system arousing Parasympathetic nervous system Calming Yerkes Dodson Law Fight or flee

Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

Embodied Emotion The Physiology of Emotions Insula Brain circuits Left frontal lobe

Module 42: Expressed Emotion

Detecting Emotion in Others

Detecting Emotion in Others Nonverbal cues Duchenne smile

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

Culture and Emotional Expression

Culture and Emotional Expression

Culture and Emotional Expression

The Effects of Facial Expressions

The Effects of Facial Expressions Facial feedback effect Health psychology

Module 43: Stress and Health

Stress: Some Basic Concepts

Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stress appraisal

Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stressors – Things that Push Our Buttons Catastrophes Significant life changes Daily hassles

Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS) Alarm Resistance Exhaustion Tend-and-befriend

Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

Module 44: Stress and Illness

Introduction Psychophysiological illnesses Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) Lymphocytes B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Macrophage Natural killer cells (NK cells)

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Stress and AIDS Stress and Cancer Stress and Heart Disease Coronary heart disease Type A Type B

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease