Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 9 Motivation James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

Motivation zMotivation ya need or desire that energizes and directs behavior zInstinct ycomplex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Motivation zDrive-Reduction Theory ythe idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Motivation zHomeostasis ytendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state yregulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level zIncentive ya positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs zbegins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied zthen higher-level safety needs become active zthen psychological needs become active Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

Motivation-Hunger zStomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger Time in minutes Subject swallows balloon, which measures stomach contraction Subject presses key each time when hungry Stomach contractions Hunger pangs

Motivation-Hunger zGlucose ythe form of sugar that circulates in the blood yprovides the major source of energy for body tissues ywhen its level is low, we feel hunger

Motivation-Hunger zSet Point ythe point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set ywhen the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight zMetabolic Rate ybody’s base rate of energy expenditure

Motivation-Hunger zThe hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

Eating Disorders zAnorexia Nervosa ywhen a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve yusually an adolescent female zBulimia Nervosa ydisorder characterized by private “binge- purge” episodes of overeating, usually of highly caloric foods, followed by vomiting or laxative use

Eating Disorders- Anorexia Nervosa zwhen a person is less than 85% of their normal body weight z95% of sufferers are female zmost are between the ages of z30% of persons diagnosed with anorexia nervosa die

Weight Discrimination zWhen women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire Willingness to hire scale (from1: definitely not hire to 7: definitely hire) WomenMen NormalOverweight

Weight Control zEffects of a severe diet Caloric intake in calories per day Body weight in kilograms Metabolism: Oxygen consumption in liters per hour Days Days

Weight Control zMost lost weight is regained Weight change in pounds Post treatment Years of follow-up

Weight Control zObesity is more common among those who watch the most television Hours of TV watched per day Percentage obese More than 5

Sexual Motivation zSex is a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values

zSexual Response Cycle zthe four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson zexcitement zplateau zorgasm zresolution zRefractory Period zresting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm Sexual Motivation

The Sexual Response Cycle MalesFemales Orgasm Plateau Excitement

Sexual Motivation zEstrogen ya sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males

Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation External stimuli Imaginative stimuli Physiological readiness

Sexual Disorders zProblems that consistently impair sexual arousal or functioning yIn Men xpremature ejaculation ejaculation before they or their partners wish ximpotence inability to have or maintain erection yIn Women xorgasmic disorder infrequent or absent orgasms

Sexual Motivation zSexual Orientation yan enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation)

Motivation zAchievement Motivation ya desire for significant accomplishment xfor mastery of things, people, or ideas xfor attaining a high standard yMcClelland and Atkinson believed fantasies would reflect achievement concerns

Motivation zIntrinsic Motivation ydesire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective zExtrinsic Motivation ydesire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

Rewards Affect Motivation Mom: “I’ll give you $5 for every A.’’ Controlling reward Child: “As long as she pays, I’ll study.’’ Extrinsic motivation Mom: “Your grades were great! Let’s celebrate by going out for dinner.’’ Informative reward Child: “I love doing well.’’ Intrinsic motivation

Motivation zTask Leadership ygoal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals zSocial Leadership ygroup-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support