Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 12 Motivation

zMotivation ya need or desire that energizes and directs behavior zInstinct ycomplex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Motivation zDrive-Reduction Theory ythe idea that a physiological need creates a tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst)

Motivation zHomeostasis ytendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state yregulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level zIncentive ya positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs zbegins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied zthen higher-level safety needs become active zthen psychological needs become active Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

Motivation-Hunger zStomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger Time in minutes Subject swallows balloon, which measures stomach contraction Subject presses key each time when hungry Stomach contractions Hunger pangs

Motivation-Hunger z3 Basic Influences of hunger/eating yBiological: hunger pains, appetite, attraction to foods yPhysiological: Sight/smell of food, time of day, mood ySocial-cultural: Taste preferences, amount of food

Motivation-Hunger zGlucose ythe form of sugar that circulates in the blood yprovides the major source of energy for body tissues ywhen its level is low, we feel hunger

Motivation-Hunger zSet Point ythe point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set ywhen the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight zBasal Metabolic Rate ybody’s base rate of energy expenditure

Motivation-Hunger zThe hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

Eating Disorders zAnorexia Nervosa ywhen a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve yusually an adolescent female zBulimia Nervosa ydisorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of highly caloric foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise

Eating Disorders- Anorexia and Bulimia z95% of sufferers are female zmost are between the ages of z30% of persons diagnosed with anorexia nervosa die prematurely

Women’s Body Images Thinnest Women’s ideal What women believed men preferred What men actually preferred Women’s current body image Fattest

Eating Disorders- Binge- Eating zExcessive eating without enough exercise. zAffects both males and females zCauses Obesity

Motivation zIntrinsic Motivation ydesire to perform a behavior for its own sake or to be effective zExtrinsic Motivation ydesire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

Rewards Affect Motivation Mom: “I’ll give you $5 for every A.’’ Child: “As long as she pays, I’ll study.’’ Extrinsic motivation Mom: “Your grades were great! Let’s celebrate by going out for dinner.’’ Child: “I love doing well.’’ Intrinsic motivation

Motivation In the Workplace zTask Leadership ygoal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals zSocial Leadership ygroup-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

Motivation zTheory X yassumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money yshould be directed from above zTheory Y yassumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity