Motivation and Emotion Unit 4 Internal processes that: G A S uide ctivate ustain

Motivation Physiological Hunger Sexual motivation Cognitive Expectancy Self-fulfillment

Motivation Drive Theories ◦ Drive Reduction: Process of reducing drives and needs as much as possible ◦ Homeostasis: Maintenance of equilibrium Incentive Theories: Stimuli that influence the individual toward certain actions ◦ Intrinsic: Motivation that acts for it’s own sake ◦ Extrinsic: Motivation involves reinforcements and punishments that accompany an act

Motivation Types of Motivation: ◦ Primary : Automatic built in process based on biological needs ◦ Secondary: Develops as result of particular learning experiences because these secondary motivators have led to satisfaction of the primary motivations. Similar to Operant Conditioning principles

Abraham Maslow stated that man is driven by his desire to fulfill basic needs. ◦ Hierarchy of Needs was structured as a pyramid, with the most basic needs toward the bottom and moving up. ◦ We must meet the needs of lower levels before we can move toward the top. The ultimate goal: Self Actualization ◦ The experiencing of a transcendent, complete self. The Hierarchy of Needs

Hierarchy of Needs

Drive Theory Biological needs arising within our bodies create unpleasant states of arousal Hunger, thirst, fatigue, etc. Homeostasis- balanced physiological state PUSH Motivation is basically a process in which various biological needs PUSH us to actions

Drive Theory: An Overview

A closer look... at hunger Influenced by ◦ Blood sugar level  Glucose - a simple sugar  Dips in glucose levels lead to increases in hunger ◦ Brain  The lateral hypothalamus ‘starts’ the feeling of hunger, the ventromedial hypothalamus ‘stops’ feelings of hunger ◦ Hormones  Insulin - must be present to extract glucose from blood  Insulin stimulates the storage of food molecules as fat ◦ Set point – the particular body weight that is easiest for an animal to maintain  Are relatively constant but can go up with prolonged over-eating (but does not tend to go down with prolonged under-eating)

Hunger Physiological Mechanisms Short Term Reduction  Glucose most abundant sugar in the body  Hormone insulin increases the flow of glucose and several other nutrients into the body cells  Long Term Hunger Regulation:  Long term correct short term  Correction mechanism involves hormone leptin produced in the body fat cells- When the body gains fat, leptin changes the activity in the hypothalamus leading to faster hunger satisfaction

A Closer Look... at hunger If it were only that simple… ◦ Environmental factors which influence hunger/eating  Learned preferences & habits  STRESS!!  External cues  It’s “dinnertime”  Dietary restraints Problems with eating can result in all sorts of problems...

Problems With Eating Obesity ◦ More than 20% above norm for height/build-20 to 40 % above the average is mild obesity ◦ 41% to 100% is moderate obesity ◦ Basal metabolic rate  Rate at which body burns calories just to stay alive  Aerobic activity will increase basal metabolic rate

Problems With Eating Anorexia Nervosa ◦ Eating disorder marked by self-starvation ◦ Body mass varies by greater than 10% of normal BMI Bulimia ◦ Eating disorder marked by binging & purging  BOTH caused by combo of brain & social malfunctioning ◦ Body mass stays within 10% of normal Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◦ A psychological disorder causing the body to appear to differ from reality to the individual

The Physiology of Sex In the 1960’s William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex. 382 females and 312 males. Only people who were willing to have sex and display orgasm in a lab environment. Filmed more than 10,000 sex cycles.

Results of M & J Study The Sexual Response Cycle (Four Stages) 1. Excitement Phase 2. Plateau Phase 3. Orgasm 4. Resolution

Kinsey’s Studies Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (in early 1950’s). Most men and half of all women have premarital sex. Almost all men and women masturbate. Women who had orgasms while masturbating were more likely to report having orgasms after marriage. Good Start- but major problems with his study- sampling, questions etc….

States of Sexual Motivation n Gender Identity n Sexual Orientation

Arousal Theory NOT n Optimization NOT Minimization n Arousal: Our general level of activation n May fluctuate n Biological influences??  Sensation seekers n Yerkes-Dodson law

Yerkes-Dodson law There is a relationship between, optimal performance and the level of arousal necessary.

Expectancy Theory n Behavior is determined by expectations (desirable outcomes). PULL n Thoughts about future PULL your behavior. n Incentives determine the behaviors exhibited.

Work Motivation: in the REAL world

Achievement Motivation Fear of Failure Drive Theory Expectancy Theory Theories of Management: ◦ Scientific-Management Approach aka Theory X ◦ Human-Relations Approach aka Theory Y

Achievement Motivation  Individuals vary in their need for achievement  Extrinsic vs Intrinsic rewards  Accomplishing a goal for it’s own sake  Individuals with a high achievement motivation set goals that are high yet realistic  Individuals with a low achievement motivation often possess a tendency to move toward fear of failure –avoiding defeat rather than gaining victory  Research has shown that Men have a stronger need for achievement than woman

Goal-Setting Wood & Locke(1990) Specific Challenging Attainable Feedback can improve performance. Take life in strides…

Emotions 1. Physiological responses 2. Subjective feelings 3. Expressive reactions

Emotional Behaviors  Emotional Intelligence Perceive, imagine, and understand emotions and use that info to make decisions  Autonomic Nervous System Internal organs  Sympathetic Nervous System Fight and flight  Parasympathetic Nervous System Non emergency actions Decrease heart rate, promotes digestion

Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory:

Theories of Emotion Cannon-Bard Theory:

Theories of Emotion Schachter-Singer Theory:

Theories of Emotion.

Stress and Health Behavioral medicine emphasizes the effects of diet, smoking, exercise, stressful experiences, and other behaviors on health. Emotions and other experiences influence illness and pattern of recovery.

Stress and Health Hans Selye (1979) defined stress as the non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it. Threats on the body activate a general response to stress called the general adaptation syndrome.

Stress

Psychosomatic Illness  Psychosomatic Illness: Real illness influenced by a persons experiences  Personality Types:  Type A: Highly Completive, very impatient often in a hurry and frequently angry and hostile  Type B: More easy going, less hostile, less hurried

Psychosomatic Illness  Coping with Stress ◦ Monitoring: Takes effective action to the stressful event ◦ Blunting: Avoids the event or even thinking about it uBuffers for Stress uAutonomy uControl uSocial Support uSelf Efficacy uRelaxation Techniques uExercise uMeditation uActive relaxation vs Passive relaxation

Psychosomatic Illness uPain uMixture of sensation and emotion uDifferent brain areas govern the sensory and emotional qualities uTelling people to expect pain or distracting them can lead to a change in emotional response without changing the sensation itself