Motivation A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Introduction Why do you want to go to college? What are some other reasons that people go to college? How these things both energize and direct your behavior? Which are extrinsic motivations? Intrinsic motivation?

Motivational Concepts & Theories

Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors. Drawbacks But instincts only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors. Named, but did not explain many behaviors

Drive Reduction Theory Our behavior is motivated by Physiological Needs. Wants to maintain homeostasis. When we are not, we have a need that creates a drive. Primary versus Secondary drives

Incentive Approach Incentives Expectancy-value theories Attract or lure people into action Can be positive and negative (repel) Expectancy-value theories Example Greg doesn’t take on the task of an extra FRQ essay to earn bonus points because of his past experiences with writing essays and failing to get a high grade How is this explained?

PUSH & PULL Many Motivational Theorists see motivation as a combination of drives that push our behavior and incentives that pull our behavior. Complete the application items on the note sheet.

Arousal Theory We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal. Yerkes-Dodson Law

A Hierarchy of Motives Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Variations in the hierarchy

A Hierarchy of Motives Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal. We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first. Classify reasons to go to college into each of the different levels

Hierarchy of Motives (Variations) Alderfer’s Modification Self-Determination Theory 3 Levels Existence Needs Relatedness Needs Growth Needs Believed more than one could active at a time Person could progress up and down the hierarchy 3 inborn, universal needs for complete sense of self and healthy relationships Autonomy Competence Relatedness

Hunger

HUNGER

The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Glucose – blood sugar When its level is low, we feel hunger. Increased Insulin Diminishes blood glucose Set point the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. Basal metabolic rate the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture Genetic – sweet and salty Cultural – conditioned

Cultural

Dog Mice Wine Fried Frog Legs Criadillas- bull testicles.

The Psychology of Hunger Ecology of Eating Situation s also control our eating Presence of others – Does it cause us to eat more or less? Unit Bias – larger “units” or portions cause us to eat more Snack experiment Bowl (31) & Scoop (17) Experiments Internals Externals Eat based on internal cues Eat based on external cues when food is available Which are you? What foods can you resist? What can you not resist? What environmental or cultural factors influence your eating habits?

The Psychology of Hunger Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food).

Bulimia

Anorexia Nervosa Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight. See themselves as fat. Vast majority are woman.

Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia Nervosa

Dove Ad How could the media’s portrayal of “beauty” help cause some of the body image problems?

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Obesity and Weight Control Definition = BMI over 30 Statistics Doubled in last 40 years 34% of people in US Increased Risk of: Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, certain cancers, and Death

Obesity BMI = Weight (lbs) x .45 [Height (in) / 39.4]2

Obesity

Obesity and Weight Control The Social Effects of Obesity Stereotypes / View of obese Slow, lazy, sloppy Video monitor experiment Weight discrimination Psychological effects of obesity 25% ↑ in depression and anxiety

Weight Discrimination

Weight Discrimination

Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Arithmetic of Weight Gain: People get fat from consuming more calories than they expend. Energy equivalent of a pound of fat is 3500 Therefore, dieters will lose a pound for every 3500 calorie reduction in their diet, right? WRONG! Fat Cells – can swell up and divide, but can never be lost Role of Leptin – released by fat cells and signals hypothalamus that we are hungry

Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Set point and metabolism Obese put on a 450 calorie a day diet Only 6 percent loss of weight Why?

Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity The genetic factor Adoptive children’s weight more closely resemble those of biological parents Identical Twins weights similar, even when reared apart Many genes influence body weight The food and activity factor Sleep loss – Leptin falls, Ghrelin rises Social influence – most likely to become obese when a friend does as well Food consumption and activity level What we eat/types of food available/portions Lifestyle

Obesity

Losing Weight

Losing Weight

Losing Weight Begin only if motivated Minimize Exposure to Temptation It’s a lifelong career! Minimize Exposure to Temptation Boost Your Metabolism Activity Levels & Sleep Eat Healthy Foods Don’t diet, change your diet Don’t Starve All Day, Then Have One Big Meal Slows metabolism Beware of the Binge Eat Slowly, Try not to break diet

The Need to Belong

The Need to Belong Aiding survival Wanting to belong Sustaining relationships The pain of ostracism ostracism

Ostracism & Bullying Have you ever felt left out? How memorable was it?

Ostracism & Bullying Have you ever stood up for someone being bullied? How recent was it? If you haven’t lately, why not?

Sexual Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Sexual Motivation Explain how sex can be a motivating factor in behavior. 2 specific examples that do not include actual sex

The End

Motivation = a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Instinct = a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

Drive-reduction Theory = the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Homeostasis = a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

Incentive = a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior

Hierarchy of Needs = Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Glucose = the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Set Point = the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Basal Metabolic Rate = the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

Anorexia Nervosa = an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

Bulimia Nervosa = an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Binge-eating Disorder = significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

Sexual Response Cycle = the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Refractory Period = a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Estrogens = sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Testosterone = the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Sexual Orientation = an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).