UNICEF Water and Sanitation Programming Clarissa Brocklehurst

Poorest 20%Richest 20%Fourth 20%Third 20%Second 20% Prepared by UNICEF Statistics and Monitoring Section, April 2010 Source: NFHS (DHS) 1993, 1999, 2006 India, sanitation trends analysis by wealth quintiles

Bangladesh, sanitation trends analysis by wealth quintiles Poorest 20%Richest 20%Fourth 20%Third 20%Second 20% Prepared by UNICEF Statistics and Monitoring Section, April 2010 Source: DHS 1994, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2007

What are these people doing?

Participatory Mapping

Community Action Plan

Households build latrines

CATS 9 UNICEF Open Defecation Free Communities

The richest in sub-Saharan Africa are almost five times more likely to use improved sanitation than the poorest The richest in sub-Saharan Africa are twice as likely to use an improved drinking water source than the poorest Large disparities in access remain between different socio-economic groups Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme on Water and Sanitation (JMP) Prepared by UNICEF Statistics and Monitoring Section, May 2010

urban - rural inequity the number of people living in rural areas who do not use an improved source of drinking water is over five times the number living in urban areas 84% of the world population without improved drinking water lives in rural areas only 45% of rural population uses improved sanitation, vs 76% in urban areas seven out of ten people without improved sanitation live in rural areas

Prepared by UNICEF Statistics and Monitoring Section, April 2010 Note: Selected MICS-3 countries for illustration purposes only

Water on premises largely an urban privilege, while poorest in rural areas spent most time on collecting drinking water UrbanRural Source: Burkina Faso MICS 2006 and Kenya DHS 2003 Burkina Faso Kenya % % % Prepared by UNICEF Statistics and Monitoring Section, April 2010

Global trends of WASH aid Source: UN-Water GLAAS 2010 Report

Poor targeting to unserved and poor populations Source: UN-Water GLAAS 2010 Report

Current management models are not keeping handpumps working!

How to create “voice” for rural dwellers? Does too much of our rural water supply programming stem from a “charity” approach? Could self supply help? How to ensure affordability? How to make rural dwellers “clients”? What governance structures help? Have we in fact put too much responsibility onto rural communities?

Government and donor money is NOT the most important source of finance for rural water supply

regional inequity - in general, Sub Saharan Africa lags behind badly on both water and sanitation, South Asia on sanitation (though stil not as badly in percentage terms than SSA) worldwide, 37% of people not using an improved source of drinking water live in Sub Saharan Africa water supply coverage in sub-saharan Africa is only 60 percent, while the global total is 87% sanitation coverage in Sub Saharan Africa is only 31 percent, while globally it is 61 % sanitation coverage is South Asia is only 36 percent, while while globally it is 61%