Risa Gluskin York Mills CI gluskin.ca Using Graphs in Social Science

Income Inequality in Canada How to Read a Table and a Graph

Relative Income Inequality Percentage Distribution of Total Income of Canadian Families by Quintiles, 1974, 1984, and 1996 Quintile1974 (%)1984 (%)1996 (%) Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Bain, C., Colyer, J., DesRivieres, D., & Dolan, S. (2002). Transitions in Society: The Challenge of Change. Toronto: Oxford University Press. (82)

Absolute Income Inequality Average Total Income By Family Type, Select Years, 1976 to 2008 Two-parent families with children Female lone- parent Male lone- parent ,40028,00053, ,50029,20046, ,20039,80065, ,30040,80060, ,20042,30060,400 Adapted from Statistics Canada. (2010). Average total income by family type, select years, 1976 to Retrieved March 3, 2011 from eng.htmhttp:// eng.htm

Women Employed as a Percentage of All Occupations, 1987 and 2009 Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey Statistics Canada. (2012, Feb. 24). Women employed as a percentage of all occupations, 1987 and Retrieved Jan. 17, 2013 from x/ /article/11387/c-g/c-g007-eng.htmhttp:// x/ /article/11387/c-g/c-g007-eng.htm

Globalization Hooks and ‘Ah hah’ Moments, Visual Confirmation of Concepts

Distribution of World Income Conference Board of Canada. (2011, Sept.). World income inequality. Retrieved April 12, 2012 from % of total annual world income Poorest, 1 Richest, 42 Other, 57 Poorest Richest Other

Income Distribution Nation Master. (N.d.). Economy statistics. Income distribution; richest 10% (most recent) by country. Retrieved April 13, 2012 from Richest 10% Brazil South Africa Russia Costa Rica US China UK Australia South Korea Canada Norway Japan Sweden Country Percent income earned by richest 10%

Demography: Baby Boom, Echo Boom How to Choose the Right Graph to Represent a Concept

Canada's Population Growth During the Last 50 Years Statistics Canada. (2009, Sept. 22). Canada’s population growth during the last 50 years. Retrieved Jan. 17, 2013 from

Population and Growth Components ( Censuses) Period Total Population growth (thousands) BirthsDeathsImmigrationEmigration ,1413,1861, ,4332, ,1572, ,5531, ,4101,7051,0891, Adapted from Statistics Canada. (2005, Jan. 28). Census of Population.

Population Pyramid, 1996 Natural Resources Canada. (2004). The atlas of Canada; population pyramid Retrieved April 25, 2012 from if/image_view if/image_view

PP 2006 Statistics Canada. (2009) Census: analysis series – findings. Figure 7: different cohorts among the age pyramid of the Canadian population in Retrieved April 25, 2012 from

PPs for 1966 and 2006 Canadian Institutes of Health Research. (2007). The future is aging. Retrieved April 25, 2012 from

Proportion of Persons Aged 65 Years and Over Among the G8 Countries in 2006 Statistics Canada. (2009, Sept. 22). Proportion of persons aged 65 years and over among G8 countries in Retrieved Jan. 17, 2013 from sa/97-551/figures/c4-eng.cfmhttp://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as- sa/97-551/figures/c4-eng.cfm

Number of Persons Aged 65 and Over and Number of Children Aged Less Than 15 Years in the Canadian Population Statistics Canada. (2009, Sept. 22). Number of persons aged 65 and over and number of children aged less than 15 years in The Canadian population Retrieved Feb. 14, 2013 from recensement/2006/as-sa/97-551/figures/c1-eng.cfmhttp://www12.statcan.ca/census- recensement/2006/as-sa/97-551/figures/c1-eng.cfm

Fertility and Fecundity Using the Magic Pencil Making a Scattergraph

World Population

World Fertility Rates

Births and Total Fertility Rates, Canada, 1988 to 2008 Statistics Canada. (2011, April 29). Births and total fertility rates, Canada, 1988 to Retrieved Nov. 29, 2012 from

Age-specific Fertility Rates, Canada, 1988 to 2008 Statistics Canada. (2011, April 29). Births and total fertility rates, Canada, 1988 to Retrieved Nov. 29, 2012 from

Making Scattergraphs X coordinate Students receive data on fertility rates of almost all countries ranging from lowest (1.2) to highest (8.0), and arranged in six groups. –They randomly choose six countries from each of the six ranges. This gives them a sample of 36 that includes high, medium and low, as well developed and developing countries.

Y coordinate Students are given two variables to plot for their 36 countries. Together we make educated guesses about whether we think there will be a positive, negative, or no correlation between the X and Y coordinates, in other words between fertility rates and each proximate determinant. –Per capita national income (GNI PPP per Capita) –Percent of married woman using contraception (modern methods) –Percentage of women economically active –Percentage of Females enrolled in Secondary School –Percentage of Women Married in the age group –Childbearing under the age of 20 (measured in births per 1000)

Graphing They have to make two graphs by hand and fully label them (which I have already modeled for them at the beginning of the chapter when they make a graph for relationship between fertility rates and year of birth of the mother). They only draw their “line of best fit” in class when they meet with the other people who had the same graphs as them.

Correlation Not Causation

No Correlation

Proximate Determinants