The End of the Nation-State System? 1648 to 1990s? 1648 to 1990s? Nation-states are powerful, but new actors? Nation-states are powerful, but new actors? IGOsIGOs NGOsNGOs IndividualsIndividuals Sub-national groupsSub-national groups

Globalization Nation-states have lost their monopoly on: Nation-states have lost their monopoly on: ViolenceViolence IdeasIdeas CommunicationsCommunications WealthWealth

War Today? Most wars are not nation-state wars Most wars are not nation-state wars Civil warsCivil wars Ethno-nationalist warsEthno-nationalist wars Religious warsReligious wars Traditionally, nation-states fund and participate in these wars Traditionally, nation-states fund and participate in these wars Today nation-states sometimes cooperate to try to end these wars Today nation-states sometimes cooperate to try to end these wars

How do Nation-states cooperate? IGOs

Intergovernmental Organizations – IGOs

League of Nations League of Nations Covenant League of Nations Covenant League of Nations Covenant League of Nations Covenant

IGOs United Nations United Nations United Nations United Nations International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Monetary Fund (IMF)(IMF) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)(World Bank)(World Bank) World Trade Organization (WTO) World Trade Organization (WTO)(WTO) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, the wealthy countries' club) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, the wealthy countries' club)OECD Group of Eight: University of Toronto Group of 8 Information Page, (the richest nations' economic leadership forum) Group of Eight: University of Toronto Group of 8 Information Page, (the richest nations' economic leadership forum)University of Toronto Group of 8 Information PageUniversity of Toronto Group of 8 Information Page Group of 77 (G-77, a meeting group of developing nations) Group of 77 (G-77, a meeting group of developing nations)G-77 African Union (AU) African Union (AU)(AU) Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC)(APEC) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)(ASEAN) The Commonwealth (Britain and nations that were former colonies) The Commonwealth (Britain and nations that were former colonies)Commonwealth Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Organization of Central Asian states Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Organization of Central Asian states(ECO) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)(ECOWAS) European Union (EU) European Union (EU)(EU) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)(NATO Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)(OSCE) Organization of American States (OAS) Organization of American States (OAS)(OAS) Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)(OIC) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)(OPEC) Pacific Community (Pacific Island nations and territories ) Pacific Community (Pacific Island nations and territories ) Pacific Community Pacific Community

United Nations United Nations home page United Nations home page United Nations United Nations Secretary General’s home page (with reports, press releases on UN actions) Secretary General’s home page (with reports, press releases on UN actions) Secretary General’s home page Secretary General’s home page Secretary General’s Report on UN goals and reform for the 21st century: “In Larger Freedom” Secretary General’s Report on UN goals and reform for the 21st century: “In Larger Freedom”“In Larger Freedom”“In Larger Freedom” Report of the Secretary General’s High-Level Panel on UN Reform Report of the Secretary General’s High-Level Panel on UN ReformHigh-Level Panel on UN ReformHigh-Level Panel on UN Reform UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)(UNHCR) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)(FAO) International Court of Justice (ICJ) International Court of Justice (ICJ)(ICJ) International Labor Organization (ILO) International Labor Organization (ILO)(ILO) UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)(UNESCO) World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Organization (WHO)(WHO) World International Property Organization WIPO (that protects copyrights for patents, books, films, and software) World International Property Organization WIPO (that protects copyrights for patents, books, films, and software)WIPO World Food Program (WFP) World Food Program (WFP)(WFP) UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)(UNIDO)

UN Documents, Organization, Responsibilities UN Charter UN Charter UN Charter UN Charter UN Structure UN Structure UN Structure UN Structure UN Documents UN Documents UN Documents UN Documents UN General Assembly UN General Assembly UN General Assembly UN General Assembly UN Security Council UN Security Council UN Security Council UN Security Council Secretary General Secretary General Secretary General Secretary General ICJ ICJ ICJ Web cam (from 10 th floor) Web cam (from 10 th floor) Web cam Web cam

Collective Security Chapter Seven of the UN Charter Chapter Seven of the UN Charter Chapter Seven Chapter Seven Article 39 The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security. The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security.

Collective Security: Korean War

Korea Still Divided

Chapter 6: Pacific Settlement of Disputes Post-World War II Ethnic conflict Ethnic conflict Religious conflict Religious conflict Bad borders Bad borders Bad leaders Bad leaders Resource struggles Resource struggles Hyper-nationalism Hyper-nationalism

Peacekeeping Chapter Six Chapter Six Chapter Six Chapter Six UN Dept of Peacekeeping UN Dept of Peacekeeping UN Dept of Peacekeeping UN Dept of Peacekeeping Organization Chart Organization Chart Organization Chart Organization Chart Map of current Ops Map of current Ops Map UNIFIL Map UNIFIL Map UNIFIL Map UNIFIL Map UN PKO images UN PKO images UN PKO images UN PKO images

Buffer or Inter-positioning Mission BorderDMZ A UNUN B

Peace Enforcement Peacemaking Human Rights vs. Sovereignty Human Rights vs. Sovereignty Responsibility to Protect (R2P) Responsibility to Protect (R2P) Global Center for the Responsibility to Protect Global Center for the Responsibility to Protect Global Center for the Responsibility to Protect Global Center for the Responsibility to Protect

Peace Enforcement in Action UN Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM) UN Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM)(UNOSOM)

Rwanda 1994

Bosnia 1991 (map reference) (map reference)(map reference)

Bosnia 1995 : Dayton Accords Aftermath

Lessons of Recent Ethno-nationalist Conflict Great PowerIGO ConsensusAction Examples Libya 2011 Libya 2011 Syria 2013 Syria 2013