Governance assessment in the field of Social inclusion Meeting with National Stakeholders #2 Skopje December 2009 Eitan Felner and Memet Memeti

What is Governance? “The process and institutions through which decision are made and authority in a country is exercised” World Bank Governance comprises the mechanisms, processes and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their differences” UNDP

What is Social Exclusion? Exclusion from social, political and economic institutions resulting from a complex and dynamic set of processes and relationships that prevent individuals or groups from accessing resources, participating in society and asserting their rights” (Beall & Piron, 2004).

Selected Features of SE –Both a process and outcome. –Is linked to inequalities between groups, as well as individuals. –It results from direct or indirect discrimination –It results both from government policies (of commission and omission) and from society (traditional beliefs, stigmatization, etc) –Social exclusion is multi-dimensional: it often involves economic, political, cultural, social and spatial exclusion. –Multiple deprivations often reinforce each other. –Lack of power, or unequal power relations, is at the root of every type of exclusion.

Dimensions of Exclusion Exclusion from social services -Inequalities in access to services -Inequality in human development -outcomes Exclusion from economic life -Inequality in incomes - Inequality in employment opportunities Exclusion from political participation -Inequalities in access to political participation and decision-making

Why focus on education and health?

Education Net completion Rate in RM (UNESCO Child Poverty Report 2005) Net primary education completion rate (%) Transition rate to secondary education Urban Rural Poorest Richest Macedonian Albanian Roma

Health Infant Mortality Rate in Macedonia in 2007, According to Ethnic Background (State Statistical Office of RM) MacedonianAlbanianTurkishRomaVlachSerbs <5M91514,715,108,3 IM813,414,213,107,9

HEALTH % of children aged months currently vaccinated against childhood diseases (UNESCO Child Poverty Report 2005) Vaccinated against: BCG, DPT1, DPT2, DPT3, Polio1, Polio2, Polio3 and Measles (%) Not vaccinated at all (%) Urban Rural Poorest Richest Macedonian Albanian Roma Other ethnic group

Guiding Questions Legal and Policy Framework Social Inclusion and Cultural Adaptability of Education And Health Services Decentralization Human Resources Financial Management Accountability Mechanisms - General Accountability - Complaint Mechanism Accountability - Enforcement Mechanisms Voice and Participation Transparency Monitoring, Evaluation And Research