1 Biodiesel production based on crude oils using zinc-based catalysts Shuli Yan
2 Outline Background Literature review Objective Experiment Reference Zinc-based catalysts in transesterification Zinc-based catalysts in esterification Zinc-based catalysts in hydrolysis
3 Background Biodiesel
4 Advantages of using biodiesel Biodegradable Low emission profile Low toxicity Better fuel Efficiency High lubricity Background
5 High production Cost Refined vegetable oils( soybean oil $0.35/lb) FFA content is lower than 0.5 % (wt) Water content is lower than 0.06% (wt) Background Crude oils and yellow grease( about 70 % of refined oils) FFA content is in the range of 0.5 ~ 15 % (wt) Water content is higher than 0.06% (wt)
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8 Long production process (A two-step method) Strong base Strong acid Background
9 Simultaneous transesterification and esterification Minimizing hydorlysis Background Developing a heterogeneous catalyst with high activity processing feedstock with high FFA and water
10 Outline Background Literature review Objective Experiment Reference Zinc-based catalysts in transesterification Zinc-based catalysts in esterification Zinc-based catalysts in hydrolysis
11 Literature review
12 Zinc-based catalysts in transesterification Literature review Suppes et al: Zinc Oxide and zinc carbonate, 120 o C, 24hr, yield 80 % Xie et al: KF/ZnO Li et al: I 2 /ZnO Sreeprasanth et al: Fe-Zn oxides Esterfip - H process: Al-Zn oxides The activity of catalyst is related with its basicity The activity of catalyst is related with its acidity
13 Literature review Zinc-based catalysts in esterification CatalystsEsterificaiton ReactionReference Zinc acetatepalmitic acid with isopropanol12-14 Supported zinc acetatepalmitic acid with isopropanol15-17 Zinc carboxylateglycerol with fatty acid18 Zinc oxide, Zinc Chloride glycerol with fatty acid19 Zinc carboxylateglycerol with fatty acid20
14 Zinc-based catalysts in hydrolysis Literature review Markley, K. S. In Fatty Acids, 2nd ed.; Markley, K. S., Ed.; Interscience Publishers Ltd.: London, 1961; Part 2, Chapters 8 and 9. Hui, Y.H.; Bailey's industrial oil and fat products, 4th ed. (In Chinese); Shu, W. Y.; Manual of oil technology; (In Chinese);
15 My previous work Literature review
16 My previous work Literature review
17 My previous work Literature review
18 Outline Background Literature review Objective Experiment Reference Zinc-based catalysts in transesterification Zinc-based catalysts in esterification Zinc-based catalysts in hydrolysis
19 The overall objective is to develop an effective zinc-based catalyst for both transeseterification and esterification, while limiting hydrolysis of oil. Objective This zinc-based catalyst will be used directly to catalyze some crude oils which contain FFA and water in the range of 0.5 ~ 15 % for the purpose of biodiesel production.
20 Two aspects: Objective Confirm the reaction pathway for methyl esters production
21 Enhance the active sites on the surface of zinc-based catalysts Objective By alloying (i.e. La 2 O 3 ) Preparation conditions ─ Calcination temperature ─ Molar ratio ─ Preparation method
22 Outline Background Literature review Objective Experiment Reference Zinc-based catalysts in transesterification Zinc-based catalysts in esterification Zinc-based catalysts in hydrolysis
23 Experiment Synthesis of zinc-based catalysts Precipitation method Zn: La = 1:0, 1:1, 3:1, 9:1, 0:1 Drying condition: 100 o C for 8 hr. Calcining condition: 200 ~700 o C for 8hr
24 Experiment Characterization of zinc-based catalysts Surface composition (AES and XPS) Bulk composition (XRD and AAS) Surface area (BET) Pore structure ( mercury porosimetry )
25 Experiment Activity test of zinc-based catalysts Transesterification of refined oil with methanol Esterification of oleic acid with methanol Hydrolysis of refined oil, hydrolysis of methyl esters Simultaneous catalysis process, i.e. using zinc catalysts in some natural crude oils, refined oil with FFA addition, refined oil with water addition, refined oil with both FFA and water addition, respectively.
26 Experiment Activity test of zinc-based catalysts Temperature(100 ~ 230 o C), Time(0 ~ 6 hr), Molar ratio of methanol to oil(3:1 ~60:1), Catalyst dosage(0 ~ 25 % wt. ), Particle size of catalyst(10 ~ 200 mesh), Stir speed (100 ~ 600 rpm ) At elevated temperature and pressure in a batch reactor No mass transfer limitation Reaction conditions:
27 To understand the impact of bulk structure, surface structure, and the interaction between zinc oxide and support on the yield of methyl esters. Summary
28 References [1] Clark S. J., Wagner L., Schrock MD. Methyl and ethyl esters as renewable fuels for diesel engines. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1984, 61, [2] Muniyappa PR, Brammer SC, Noureddini H. Improved conversion of plant oils and animal fates into biodiesel and co-product. Bioresour. Technol. 1996, 6, [3] Nelson, R. G., Hower, S. A. Potential feedstock supply and costs for biodiesel production. In Bioenergy ’ 94, Proceedings of the Sixth National Bioenergy Conference, Reno/Sparks, NV, 1994 [4] Canakci, M.; Gerpen, J. V. Biodiesel production from oils and fats with high free fatty acids. Trans. ASAE 2001, 44, [5] Kusdiana, D.; Saka, S. Effects of water on biodiesel fuel production by supercritical methanol treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 2004, 91, [6] Saka, S.; Kusdiana, D.; Minami, E. Non-catalytic biodiesel fuel production with supercritical methanol technologies. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 2006, 65, [7] Wang C.; Sun Y.; Hu L., Poly (ethylene naphthalate) formation 1. Transesterification of dimethylnaphthalate with ethylene glycol. J. Polymer. Res. 1994, 1, 131 – 139.
29 References [12] J. Chen, L. Chen, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 73 (1999) 35 – 40. [13] E. Santacesaria, F. Trulli, L. Minervini, M. Di Serio, R. Tesser, S. Contessa, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 54 (1994) 1371 – [14] C. Wang, Y. Sun, L. Hu, J. Polym. Res. 1 (1994) 131 – 139. [15] R. Nava, T. Halachev, R. Rodriguez, V.M. Castano, Catal. A: Gen. 231, (2002) 131 – 149. [16] R. Nava, T. Halachev, R. Rodriguez, V.M. Castano, Microporous Mesoporous, Mater. 78 (2005) 91 – 96. [17] R. Aafaqi, A.R. Mohamed, S. Bhatia, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 79, (2004) 1127 – [18] M. Adam and Szela ü g H. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 43, (2004), [19] Pouilloux, Y.; Me´tayer, S.; Barrault, J. Synthesis of Glycerol Monooctadecanoate from Octadecanoic Acid and Glycerol. Influence of Solvent on the Catalytic Properties of Basic Oxides. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. IIc, Chim. 2000, 3, 589. [20] Szela ü g, H.; Macierzanka, A. Tenside Surf. Det. 2001, 38, 377.
30 Thank you!